| 1. |
- Al Mamun, Md Abdullah, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of measurements on correlations of software code metrics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 24:4, s. 2764-2818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ContextSoftware metrics play a significant role in many areas in the life-cycle of software including forecasting defects and foretelling stories regarding maintenance, cost, etc. through predictive analysis. Many studies have found code metrics correlated to each other at such a high level that such correlated code metrics are considered redundant, which implies it is enough to keep track of a single metric from a list of highly correlated metrics.ObjectiveSoftware is developed incrementally over a period. Traditionally, code metrics are measured cumulatively as cumulative sum or running sum. When a code metric is measured based on the values from individual revisions or commits without consolidating values from past revisions, indicating the natural development of software, this study identifies such a type of measure as organic. Density and average are two other ways of measuring metrics. This empirical study focuses on whether measurement types influence correlations of code metrics.MethodTo investigate the objective, this empirical study has collected 24 code metrics classified into four categories, according to the measurement types of the metrics, from 11,874 software revisions (i.e., commits) of 21 open source projects from eight well-known organizations. Kendall's tau-B is used for computing correlations. To determine whether there is a significant difference between cumulative and organic metrics, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and paired-samples sign test are performed.ResultsThe cumulative metrics are found to be highly correlated to each other with an average coefficient of 0.79. For corresponding organic metrics, it is 0.49. When individual correlation coefficients between these two measure types are compared, correlations between organic metrics are found to be significantly lower (with p <0.01) than cumulative metrics. Our results indicate that the cumulative nature of metrics makes them highly correlated, implying cumulative measurement is a major source of collinearity between cumulative metrics. Another interesting observation is that correlations between metrics from different categories are weak.ConclusionsResults of this study reveal that measurement types may have a significant impact on the correlations of code metrics and that transforming metrics into a different type can give us metrics with low collinearity. These findings provide us a simple understanding how feature transformation to a different measurement type can produce new non-collinear input features for predictive models.
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| 2. |
- Al Mamun, Md Abdullah, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Engineering the Hardware/Software Interface for Robotic Platforms – A Comparison of Applied Model Checking with Prolog and Alloy
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Domain-Specific Languages and models for ROBotic systems.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Robotic platforms serve different use cases ranging from experiments for prototyping assistive applications up to embedded systems for realizing cyber-physical systems in various domains. We are using 1:10 scale miniature vehicles as a robotic platform to conduct research in the domain of self-driving cars and collaborative vehicle fleets. Thus, experiments with different sensors like e.g. ultra-sonic, infrared, and rotary encoders need to be prepared and realized using our vehicle platform. For each setup, we need to configure the hardware/software interface board to handle all sensors and actors. Therefore, we need to find a specific configuration setting for each pin of the interface board that can handle our current hardware setup but which is also flexible enough to support further sensors or actors for future use cases. In this paper, we show how to model the domain of the configuration space for a hardware/software interface board to enable model checking for solving the tasks of finding any, all, and the best possible pin configuration. We present results from a formal experiment applying the declarative languages Alloy and Prolog to guide the process of engineering the hardware/software interface for robotic platforms on the example of a configuration complexity up to ten pins resulting in a configuration space greater than 14.5 million possibilities. Our results show that our domain model in Alloy performs better compared to Prolog to find feasible solutions for larger configurations with an average time of 0.58s. To find the best solution, our model for Prolog performs better taking only 1.38s for the largest desired configuration; however, this important use case is currently not covered by the existing tools for the hardware used as an example in this article.
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| 3. |
- Al Mamun, Md Abdullah, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Explicating, Understanding and Managing Technical Debt from Self-Driving Miniature Car Projects
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME). - Los Alamitos, CA : IEEE. - 9781479967919
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technical debt refers to various weaknesses in the design or implementation of a system resulting from trade-offs during software development usually for a quick release. Accumulating such debt over time without reducing it can seriously hamper the reusability and maintainability of the software. The aim of this study is to understand the state of the technical debt in the development of self-driving miniature cars so that proper actions can be planned to reduce the debt to have more reusable and maintainable software. A case study on a selected feature from two self-driving miniature car development projects is performed to assess the technical debt. Additionally, an interview study is conducted involving the developers to relate the findings of the case study with the possible root causes. The result of the study indicates that "the lack of knowledge" is not the primary reason for the accumulation of technical debt from the selected code smells. The root causes are rather in factors like time pressure followed by issues related to software/hardware integration and incomplete refactoring as well as reuse of legacy, third party, or open source code.
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| 4. |
- Al Mamun, Md Abdullah, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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MDE-based Sensor Management and Verification for a Self-Driving Miniature Vehicle
- 2013
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Ingår i: 13th ACM Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling, DSM 2013; Indianapolis, IN; United States. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450326001
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Innovations for today’s vehicle functions are mainly driven by software. They realize comfort systems like automated parking but also safety systems where sensors are continuously monitoring the vehicle's surroundings to brake autonomously for avoiding collisions with cars, pedestrians, or bicyclists. In simulation environments, various traffic situations with alternative sensor setups are imitated before testing them on prototypical cars. In this paper, we are presenting an MDE approach for managing different sensor setups in a cyber-physical system development environment to leverage automated model verification, support system testing, and enable code generation. For example, the models are used as the single point of truth to configure and generate sensor setups for system validations in a 3D simulation environment. After their validation, a considered sensor configuration is transformed into a constraint-satisfaction model to be solved by the logical programming language Prolog. Based on this transformation, the conformance to the embedded system specification is formally verified and possible pin assignments, for how to connect the required sensors are calculated. The approach was validated during the development of a self- driving miniature vehicle using an STM32F4-based embedded system running the real-time operating system ChibiOS as the software/hardware interface to the sensors and actors.
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| 5. |
- Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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The Best Rated Human-Machine Interface Design for Autonomous Vehicles in the 2016 Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 19:4, s. 1302-1307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides an in-depth description of the best rated human-machine interface that was presented during the 2016 Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge. It was demonstrated by the Chalmers Truck Team as the envisioned interface to their open source software framework OpenDLV, which is used to power Chalmers' fleet of self-driving vehicles. The design originates from the postulate that the vehicle is fully autonomous to handle even complex traffic scenarios. Thus, by including external and internal interfaces, and introducing a show, don't tell principle, it aims at fulfilling the needs of the vehicle occupants as well as other participants in the traffic environment. The design also attempts to comply with, and slightly extend, the current traffic rules and legislation for the purpose of being realistic for full-scale implementation.
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| 6. |
- Berger, Christian, 1980
(författare)
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Accelerating Regression Testing for Scaled Self-Driving Cars with Lightweight Virtualization – A Case Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems (SEsCPS). ; , s. 2-7
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engineering software for smart cyber-physical systems (sCPS) challenges developers as they have to deal with uncertain and volatile stimuli data perceived by sensors. Regression testing of a sCPS is time-consuming on sequential execution. However, sequential testing can be parallelized depending on the system calls used in the system-under-test. In a case study about accelerating regression testing for scaled self-driving cars, we evaluate the use of namespace-separation based lightweight virtualization that powers solutions like Docker or Google's lmctfy. After transparently adding lightweight virtualization to Cxx Test that is used for regression testing, the total test execution time could be reduced from previously over 12min by more than 62% to less than 5min. Thus, the technology for today's lightweight virtualization can also be used to safely accelerate test-runners without changing existing test cases.
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| 7. |
- Berger, Christian, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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An Interdisciplinary Perspective to the Design and Decision Support of Integral Safety Systems
- 2013
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Ingår i: IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline). - 1474-6670. ; 4:PART 1, s. 145-150
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Next generation integral safety systems are expected to provide better protection against traffic accidents by interlinking sensors and actuators of active and passive safety. A series of advanced functions will be used to mitigate collisions and if they cannot be avoided they will at least reduce their severity. We explore the interplay between key technology areas towards a holistic approach in the design and decision support of integral safety systems. First, we refer to the main problems in the design of effective systems and the associated software engineering challenges. Recent advances in sensor data analytics are then explored and their integration with decision support for vehicle control is examined. Finally, we envision that rigorous design techniques based on models for human-machine interaction are essential for achieving adequate performance and robustness of integral safety systems.
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| 8. |
- Berger, Christian, 1980
(författare)
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An Open Continuous Deployment Infrastructure for a Self-driving Vehicle Ecosystem
- 2016
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Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. ; 472, s. 177-183, s. 177-183
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-driving vehicles are an ongoing research and engineering topic even though first automotive OEMs started to deploy such features to their premium vehicles. Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg are operating and maintaining a vehicle laboratory comprising 1/10 scaled cars, a Volvo XC90, and a Volvo FH truck to conduct studies with automated driving. This laboratory is used both from researchers from different disciplines and in education. The experimental software for all these platforms is powered by the same software environment for different hardware architectures. Therefore, maintaining and deploying new features and bugfixes to the users of this laboratory in a fast way needs to be organized in a reproducible yet easily maintainable manner. This paper outlines our open approach to encapsulate our build, test, and deployment process using VirtualBox, Docker, and Jenkins.
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| 9. |
- Berger, Christian, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Autonomous Driving - 5 Years after the Urban Challenge: The Anticipatory Vehicle as a Cyber-Physical System
- 2012
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Proceedings - Series of the Gesellschaft fur Informatik (GI). - 1617-5468. - 9783885796022 ; 208
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In November 2007 the international competition DARPA Urban Challenge took place on the former George Airforce Base in Victorville, California to significantly promote the research and development on autonomously driving vehicles for urban environments. In the final race only eleven out of initially 89 competitors participated and “Boss” from Carnegie Mellon University succeeded. This paper summarizes results of the research carried out by all finalists within the last five years after the competition and provides an outlook where further investigation especially for software engineering is now necessary to achieve the goal of driving safely and reliably through urban environments with an anticipatory vehicle for the mass-market.
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| 10. |
- Berger, Christian, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Bridging Physical and Digital Traffic System Simulations with the Gulliver Test-Bed
- 2013
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783642379734 ; 7865 LNCS, s. 169-184
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a cyber-physical platform that combines road traffic simulation, network simulation, and physically simulated vehicles to facilitate extensive testing on various levels of vehicular systems. Our design integrates physical and digital vehicle simulation into a common development and testing environment. This paper describes the platform design and presents prototypical implementations that use Simulator of Urban Mobility (SUMO), TinyOS Simulator (TOSSIM), a 3D sensor simulation environment, and a test-bed of miniature vehicles called Gulliver. As a prototypical implementation, we demonstrate the development of cooperative applications, and by that we achieve: (a) a cyber-physical system that provides a common environment for physically and digitally simulated vehicles, (b) a platform to interface communication between physically and digitally simulated vehicles, and (c) the ability to tailor testing scenarios in which some system components are simulated digitally and some physically. The suggested design provides flexibility, cost efficiency, and scalable testing opportunities for future vehicular systems. Furthermore, the proposed system is able to support novel steps towards intelligent transportation systems for smart cities. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.
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