| 1. |
- Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Wind Turbine Noise Propagation over Flat Ground: Measurements and Predictions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Acustica united with Acustica. - Stuttgart : S. Hirzel Verlag. - 1610-1928 .- 1861-9959. ; 96:4, s. 753-760(8)
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Noise from wind turbines is of concern in the planning process of new wind farms, and accurate estimations of immission noise levels at residents nearby are required. Sound propagation from wind turbine to receiver could be modelled by a simplified standard model assuming constant meteorological conditions, by an engineering method taking atmospheric and ground propagation conditions into account, or by a more exact model. Epidemiological studies have found a higher frequency of annoyance due to wind turbine noise than to other community noise sources at equal noise levels, indicating that the often used simplified model is not sufficient. This paper evaluates the variation of immission sound levels under the influence of meteorological variation and explores if the prediction of levels could be improved by taking the effect of wind speed on sound propagation into account. Long-term sound recordings and measurements at a distance of 530 m from a wind turbine show that the simplified standard model predicts the average sound pressure levels satisfactorily under downwind conditions, and that a more complex propagation model might not be needed for wind turbine noise at a relatively short distance. Large variations of sound immission levels at the same wind speed were however present. Statistical analysis revealed that these variations were influenced by meteorological parameters, such as temperature, static pressure and deviation from ideal downwind direction. The overall results indicate that meteorological factors influence the noise generated by the wind turbine rather than the sound propagation.
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| 2. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Living in the Vicinity of Wind Turbines - A Grounded Theory Study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Qualitative Research in Psychology. - Philadelphia, PA : Routledge. - 1478-0887 .- 1478-0895. ; 4:1-2, s. 49-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known of wind turbines' impact on people living in their vicinity. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how people perceive and are affected by wind turbines in their living environment. In-depth interviews with 15 informants, strategically chosen to form a heterogeneous group, were analyzed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory. The informants were to different extents affected by the swishing noise, flickering light, and constant movement of the turbines' rotor blades. Some informants perceived the exposures as outside their territory while others perceived them as intrusion into privacy; a divergence partly determined by the informants' personal values about the living environment. The feeling of intrusion was associated with feeling a lack of control, subjected to injustice, a lack of influence, and not being believed. Informants used various coping strategies, such as rebuilding their houses or complaining, but mainly tried to ignore exposures from the wind turbines. The findings can help us to better understand the severe reactions wind turbines sometimes evoke and contribute to the knowledge base used when planning for new wind farms.
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| 3. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Perception and annoyance due to wind turbine noise : a dose–response relationship
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 116:6, s. 3460-3470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Installed global wind power increased by 26% during 2003, with U.S and Europe accounting for 90% of the cumulative capacity. Little is known about wind turbines' impact on people living in their vicinity. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of annoyance due to wind turbine noise and to study dose–response relationships. Interrelationships between noise annoyance and sound characteristics, as well as the influence of subjective variables such as attitude and noise sensitivity, were also assessed. A cross-sectional study was performed in Sweden in 2000. Responses were obtained through questionnaires (n = 351; response rate 68.4%), and doses were calculated as A-weighted sound pressure levels for each respondent. A statistically significant dose–response relationship was found, showing higher proportion of people reporting perception and annoyance than expected from the present dose–response relationships for transportation noise. The unexpected high proportion of annoyance could be due to visual interference, influencing noise annoyance, as well as the presence of intrusive sound characteristics. The respondents' attitude to the visual impact of wind turbines on the landscape scenery was found to influence noise annoyance.
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| 4. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Wind turbine noise, annoyance and self-reported health and well-being in different living environments
- 2007
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - London : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 64:7, s. 480-486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of perception and annoyance due to wind turbine noise among people living near the turbines, and to study relations between noise and perception/annoyance, with focus on differences between living environments.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in seven areas in Sweden across dissimilar terrain and different degrees of urbanisation. A postal questionnaire regarding living conditions including response to wind turbine noise was completed by 754 subjects. Outdoor A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPLs) were calculated for each respondent. Perception and annoyance due to wind turbine noise in relation to SPLs was analysed with regard to dissimilarities between the areas.RESULTS: The odds of perceiving wind turbine noise increased with increasing SPL (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.25 to 1.40). The odds of being annoyed by wind turbine noise also increased with increasing SPLs (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.25). Perception and annoyance were associated with terrain and urbanisation: (1) a rural area increased the risk of perception and annoyance in comparison with a suburban area; and (2) in a rural setting, complex ground (hilly or rocky terrain) increased the risk compared with flat ground. Annoyance was associated with both objective and subjective factors of wind turbine visibility, and was further associated with lowered sleep quality and negative emotions.CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to take the unique environment into account when planning a new wind farm so that adverse health effects are avoided. The influence of area-related factors should also be considered in future community noise research.
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| 5. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Wind turbine sound – how often is it heard by residents living nearby?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of EURONOISE, 8<sup>th</sup> European conference on noise control, Edinburgh, 26 – 28 October 2009. - St Albans : Institute of Acoustics. - 1901656985
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sound power levels of wind turbines and consequently also the immission sound pressure levels at nearby residents vary with the wind speed. A standard meteorological situation is therefore commonly used when the immission levels are discussed; wind speed 8 m/s at 10 m height downwind. There is a need for a more comprehensive description of the sound that could be included in the Environmental Impact Assessment. The objectives of this study were to explore if it is possible to measure how often the sound is heard, and if the occurrence could be related to the standardized immission levels or the performance of the wind turbine. Twenty four people living in three wind turbine areas (A-weighted sound pressure levels 29.6 – 45.9 dB) filled in diaries for three weeks, noting when they were at home, when they were outdoors, and when they could hear sound from wind turbines. The incidents when the wind turbines were heard varied largely from 0% to 100% of the times spent outdoors. The percentage increased with increasing standardized immission levels (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). In two of the areas it was possible to get data from the nearest turbines for the study period. The sound was more easily heard at wind speeds above 5 m/s than at lower wind speeds. No indication of a decreased possibility to hear the sound when the wind increased further was found. Possibility to hear the sound was most closely related to the electrical power generation
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| 6. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Wind turbines - low level noise sources interfering with restoration?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1748-9326. ; 3:1, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wind turbines generate a low level noise and would thus not be expected to cause annoyance and disturb rest. In a society where people are being exposed to an increasing noise load, moderate and low level noise sources may also be perceived as annoying and hence inhibit restoration. This article presents an analysis of two socio-acoustic studies of wind turbine noise with the emphasis on perception, annoyance and consequences for restoration. It is hypothesized that low and moderate stressors such as wind turbine noise could have an impact on health. The risk seems to be higher if restoration is, or is perceived to be, impaired and also for certain groups of individuals. The observations warrant further studies.
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