| 1. |
- Kajonius, Petri J., et al.
(författare)
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Hedonism, Achievement, and Power: Universal values that characterize the Dark Triad
- 2015
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 77, s. 173-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Using a sample of Swedes and Americans (N= 385), we attempted to understand the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) in terms of universal social values. The Dark Triad traits correlated significantly with all 10 value types, forming a sinusoid pattern corresponding to the value model circumplex. In regression analyses, Machiavellianism and narcissism were positively associated with the values Achievement and Power, while psychopathy was positively associated with the values Hedonism, and Power. In addition, the Dark Triad traits explained significant variance over the Big Five traits in accounting for individual differences in social values. Differences between the Swedish and the US sample in the social value Achievement was mediated by the Dark Triad traits, as well as age. Given the unique complex of values accounted for by the Dark Triad traits compared to the Big Five traits, we argue that the former account for a system of self-enhancing "dark values", often hidden but constantly contributing in evaluations of others.
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| 2. |
- Kajonius, Petri J.
(författare)
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Honesty-humility in contemporary students: manipulations of self-image by inflated iq estimations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychological Reports. - : Ammons Scientific Ltd. - 0033-2941 .- 1558-691X. ; 115:1, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary.—The HEXACO model offers a complement to the Big-Five model, including a sixth factor, Honesty-Humility, and its four facets (Sincerity, Fairness, Greed-avoidance and Modesty). The four facets of Honesty-Humility and three indicators of intelligence (one performance-based cognitive ability test, one self-estimated academic potential, and one self-report of previous IQ test results) were assessed in students entering higher education (N=187). A significant negative correlation was observed between Honesty-Humility and self-reported intelligence (r=–.37), most evident in the Modesty facet. These results may be interpreted as tendencies of exaggeration, using a theoretical frame of psychological image-management, concluding that the Honesty-Humility trait captures students’ self-ambitions, particularly within the context of an individualistic, competitive culture such as Sweden.
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| 3. |
- Kajonius, Petri J., et al.
(författare)
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Who gets ahead in life? : Personality traits and childhood background in economic success
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0167-4870 .- 1872-7719. ; 59, s. 164-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many societies around the world, the ideal is that anyone can achieve a successful lifeindependent of family background. An indication of such social mobility could be that personalitycharacteristics have stronger impact than childhood background on economic success.The present study investigated how much of life outcomes (i.e., educationalattainment, annual income, and life outcome satisfaction) were accounted for by adult personalitytraits (the Big Five), when controlled for childhood socio-economic status (SES).The results from a large, representative Swedish sample (N = 5280) showed that personalitytraits (especially neuroticism) were associated as much as or more than childhood SESto annual income and life outcome satisfaction, whereas childhood SES related more toeducational attainment. These results may help facilitate our understanding of the mechanismsbehind individual economic success.
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| 4. |
- Kazemi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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User-oriented elderly care : A validation study in two different settings using observational data
- 2015
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Ingår i: Quality in Ageing and Older Adults. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1471-7794 .- 2042-8766. ; 16:3, s. 140-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - User-oriented care, defined as individualized assisting behaviors, is the dominant approach within elderly care today. Yet, there is little known about its conceptual structure. This paper proposes that user-oriented care has a bi-partite structure which may be decomposed into the two dimensions of task and relation. Design/methodology/approach - Care workers were "shadowed" (i.e. observed) at their work (n=391 rated interactions). User-oriented care was assessed along ten process quality indicators targeting the acts of caregiving (i.e. task focus, relation focus, involvement, time-use, body language, autonomy, respect, warmth, encouragement, and information) in two elderly care settings, i.e. home care and nursing home. Observations added up to 45 hours. Findings - Principal component analyses confirmed the proposed two-factor structure of user-oriented care. Specifically, the user-oriented care indicators loaded on two distinct factors, i.e. task and relation. The underlying structure of user-oriented care revealed to be invariant across the two settings. However, the results revealed interesting structural differences in terms of explained variance and the magnitude of factor loadings in the home care and nursing home settings. Differences also emerged specifically pertaining to the indicators of autonomy and time-use. These findings suggest that user-oriented behavior may to some extent denote different acts of caregiving and what may be called task- and relation-orientation may be loaded with different meanings in these two care settings. Originality/value - This is the first study investigating user-oriented behavior in the context of elderly care using a quantitative observational approach. The authors propose that the observed differences between the two care settings are primarily not due to better elderly care work in home care, but due to some inherent differences between these two contexts of care (e.g. better health and living at home). © Ali Kazemi and Petri J. Kajonius. Published by Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 5. |
- Persson, Björn N., et al.
(författare)
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Empathy and Universal Values Explicated by the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Psychology. - : Routledge. - 0022-4545 .- 1940-1183. ; 156:6, s. 610-619
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research reports that empathy is on the decline in present-day society together with an increasing trend in self-enhancing values. Based on the empathy-altruism hypothesis we investigated whether these constructs are interlinked, by analyzing the relationships between emotional and cognitive empathy and 10 universal values. In the first study, using a middle-aged US sample, the results showed that empathy was strongly and positively related to altruistic values and negatively to self-enhancing values in a pattern which aligned with the empathy-altruism hypothesis. In a second confirmation study, these findings were replicated and extended, while also controlling for the Big Five personality traits, to discount that empathy is only captured by basic personality. Only emotional empathy, not cognitive empathy, accounted for up to 18% additional variance in altruistic values, which further confirmed the emphasis on feelings, as postulated by the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
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