| 1. |
- Alem, Yonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The Persistence of Subjective Poverty in Urban Ethiopia
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using panel data spanning 15 years, this paper investigates the persistence and correlates of subjective and consumption poverty in urban Ethiopia. Despite the decline in consumption poverty in recent years, which has been linked to rapid economic growth, subjective poverty has remained largely unchanged. Dynamic probit regression results show that households with a history of past poverty continue to perceive themselves as poor even if their material consumption improves. Our results also suggest that the relative economic position of households is a strong determinant of subjective poverty, and having at least some type of employment reduces the likelihood that households will perceive themselves as poor, even if they remain in objective poverty. Receiving remittances from abroad, on the other hand, does not reduce perceived poverty, even if it raises material consumption. We argue that any analysis to measure the impact of growth on welfare should encompass subjective measures as well.
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| 2. |
- Alem, Yonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The persistence of subjective poverty in urban Ethiopia
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 56:1, s. 51-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data spanning 15 years, we study subjective and consumption poverty in urban Ethiopia. Despite rapid economic growth and declining consumption poverty, subjective poverty remains largely unchanged. We find that households with a history of poverty continue to perceive themselves as poor even if their material consumption improves. The relative economic position of households is a strong determinant of subjective poverty. Having some type of employment makes households less likely to perceive themselves as poor, even if they remain in objective poverty. We argue that any analysis to measure the impact of growth on welfare should also encompass subjective measures.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Camilla, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of the Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia on livestock and tree holdings of rural households
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Development Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3878 .- 1872-6089. ; 94:1, s. 119-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluated the impacts of the Ethiopian Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on rural households' holdings of livestock and forest assets/trees. We found no indication that participation in PSNP induces households to disinvest in livestock or trees. In fact, households that participated in the program increased the number of trees planted, but there was no increase in their livestock holdings. We found no strong evidence that the PSNP protects livestock in times of shock. Shocks appear to lead households to disinvest in livestock, but not in trees. Our results suggest that there is increased forestry activity as a result of PSNP, and that improved credit access encourages households to increase their livestock holdings.
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| 4. |
- Choumert, J., et al.
(författare)
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Access to water as determinant of rental values: A housing hedonic analysis in Rwanda
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Housing Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1051-1377 .- 1096-0791. ; 26, s. 48-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we study the determinants of rental values in urban housing markets in Kigali, Rwanda. In particular, we study the value of access to piped water; due to the high costs associated with installing new piped connections, renting a property with an existing connection is often the only way for low income households to access piped water. Our results indicate that extending the piped network to a new house will in many cases raise the rental value of the house enough to pay for the cost of installing the new connection in less than two years.
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| 5. |
- Gustavsson, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Retail waste of horticultural products in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 55:5, s. 554-556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste of food is a topic of considerable policy interest. However, few studies have been done on food waste at the retail level. The aim of this study was to examine how large retail waste is for 16 different horticultural products, selected among typical fruit and vegetables. The levels of retail waste were examined in cooperation with one of the leading Swedish retail companies. The results showed that retail waste of horticultural products amounted to between 0.4 and 6.3% of store supplies for different horticultural products. The results did not show that packaging reduced waste of horticultural products.
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| 6. |
- MacGregor, James, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic alliances in Kenyan smallholder farming
- 2014
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Ingår i: Poslovna izvrsnost. - Zagreb : Ekonomski fakultet. - 1846-3355. ; 8:1, s. 49-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implementing and complying with standards and certifi cation oft en increases costs for supply chain actors. Th ese increased costs are caused by upgrading production, logistics and marketing needed to achieve compliance, and can lead to the exclusion of actors from the supply chain. In particular, the exclusion of small-scale growers in developing countries as the result of the expansion and proliferation of private voluntary standards (PVS) used by large procurers has been extensively reported. Costs of PVS are per certifi cation and the unit is usually the individual farm, regardless of its size. In much of the developing world smallholder production dominates domestic food production, and these small farms face proportionately higher costs per unit area for certifi cation and compliance. Benefi ts of PVS are per production unit, giving benefi ts to larger farms. Developing world smallholder production tends to be on less than one hectare, giving relatively small production. Compared with the costs per farm, there is an inherent bias in many standards and certifi cation towards larger farms. Standards in export horticulture can, potentially, incentivize a more active role for the private sector in investing in small-scale growers in ways that are mutually benefi cial for growers and exporters. Such co-investment is a feature of trading relationships and business models that are inclusive of small-scale growers. In Kenyan horticulture, donors, exporters and smallholders have in some cases managed to leverage PVS requirements into profi table local agricultural developments. In this paper, we use resource-based strategic alliance theory to explain the patterns that have evolved. We propose greater use of cooperation theory to help make more effi cient economic development interventions which are complementary with private-sector investments. We explore how standards might be used to accelerate development initiatives.
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| 7. |
- Onjala, J., et al.
(författare)
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Risk perception, choice of drinking water and water treatment: evidence from Kenyan towns
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 4:2, s. 268-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study used household survey data from four Kenyan towns to examine the effect of households' characteristics and risk perceptions on their decision to treat/filter water as well as on their choice of main drinking water source. Because the two decisions may be jointly made by the household, a seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model was estimated. It turned out that treating non-piped water and using piped water as a main drinking water source were substitutes. The evidence supports the finding that perceived risks significantly correlate with a household's decision to treat non-piped water before drinking it. The study also found that higher connection fees reduced the likelihood of households connecting to the piped network. Because the current connection fee acts as a cost hurdle which deters households from getting a connection, the study recommends a system where households pay the connection fee in instalments, through a prepaid water scheme or through a subsidy scheme.
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| 8. |
- Stage, Jesper, 1972-
(författare)
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Economic valuation of climate change adaptation in developing countries
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 1185, s. 150-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the literature on the economics of climate change adaptation in developing countries, and identifies three key points for consideration in future studies. One key point is that all development policy should be formulated using forecasts from climate science as a baseline. When this is not done, there is risk that a false status quo without climate change is seen as an implicit baseline. Another key point is that authors must be clearer about their behavioral assumptions: Many studies either (problematically) assume profit maximization on the side of farm households, or do not specify behavioral assumptions at all. A third important point is that the allocation of rights is crucial for the results; if households have a right to maintain their current livelihoods, the costs of climate change in developing countries are considerably greater than traditional willingness-to-pay studies would indicate. Thus, costs and benefits of climate change adaptation cannot be analyzed using economic aspects only; climate science, behavioral science, and legal and moral aspects have crucial implications for the outcome of the analysis.
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| 9. |
- Stage, Jesper, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects for establishing environmental satellite accounts in a developing country: The case of Rwanda
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 200, s. 219-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we discuss the beginning of Rwanda's current work on natural capital accounts. Many developing countries began similar work on environmental satellite accounts in the 1990s and early 2000s, only to abandon them a few years later when the initial political interest waned. The question arises, therefore, as to whether renewed interest in these accounts has the potential to have a longer lasting impact on national accounting practices. In Rwanda's case, the decision was to begin satellite accounting work by focusing on resources where key economic trade-offs between different uses had already begun to be identified by policymakers, and where the gathering of economic statistics had already been improved as a result. It seems likely that this approach could lead to more durable satellite accounts, and that a similar approach would be feasible in many other countries.
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| 10. |
- Stage, Jesper, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Social cohesion in Rwanda: Results from a public good experiment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Development Policy Review. - : Wiley. - 0950-6764 .- 1467-7679. ; 36:5, s. 577-586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a public good experiment, a type of economic experiment commonly used to examine feelings of prosocialitythat is, behaviour which is positive, helpful and intended to promote social acceptance and friendshipand community cohesion, carried out in Rwanda. Contributions in different parts of the country are affected by the local intensity of the 1994 genocide, with more generous contributions being made in areas where violence was greater. This supports earlier research indicating that conflict experience leads to greater prosociality. However, we also find that people who have not, themselves, been targets of violence give lower contributions than people who have. The considerable group-related and regional differences in social behaviour may have implications for the country's policies to deal with social cohesion.
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