| 1. |
- Andrén, Thomas, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Östersjön förändras ständigt
- 2005
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Ingår i: Upsala nya tidning. - 1104-0173. ; :8/6:8 juni
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bergman, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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The relative importance of actual and potential competition: Empirical evidence from the pharmaceuticals market
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of industrial economics. - : Wiley. - 0022-1821 .- 1467-6451. ; 51, s. 455-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study actual and potential competition and other factors that determine price paths of brand-name drugs in the Swedish pharmaceuticals market. The results indicate that the price of the incumbent product is lowered by potential competition, entry of (additional) generics, and the introduction of a so-called reference-price system. We also identify a 'ratchet' effect, through which price regulation makes entry-deterring limit-pricing credible.
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| 4. |
- Bertrand, Yann, et al.
(författare)
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Taxonomic surrogacy in biodiversity assessments, and the meaning of Linnaean ranks
- 2006
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Ingår i: Systematics and Biodiversity. ; 4:2, s. 149-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The majority of biodiversity assessments use species as the base unit. Recently, a series of studies have suggested replacing numbers of species with higher ranked taxa (genera, families, etc.); a method known as taxonomic surrogacy that has an important potential to save time and resources in assesments of biological diversity. We examine the relationships between taxa and ranks, and suggest that species/higher taxon exchanges are founded on misconceptions about the properties of Linnaean classification. Rank allocations in current classifications constitute a heterogeneous mixture of various historical and contemporary views. Even if all taxa were monophyletic, those referred to the same rank would simply denote separate clades without further equivalence. We conclude that they are no more comparable than any other, non-nested taxa, such as, for example, the genus Rattus and the phylum Arthropoda, and that taxonomic surrogacy lacks justification. These problems are also illustrated with data of polychaetous annelid worms from a broad-scale study of benthic biodiversity and species distributions in the Irish Sea. A recent consensus phylogeny for polychaetes is used to provide three different family-level classifications of polychaetes. We use families as a surrogate for species, and present Shannon–Wiener diversity indices for the different sites and the three different classifications, showing how the diversity measures rely on subjective rank allocations
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| 5. |
- Björck, Amelie, et al.
(författare)
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Kanon och kanoner. En e-postdiskussion
- 2007
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Ingår i: TFL Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap. ; 2007:3:3, s. 7-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Bolin, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile Generations : The Role of Mobile Technology in the Shaping of Swedish Media Generations
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Communication. - 1932-8036. ; :3, s. 108-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is often argued that young people are among the first to adopt new mediatechnologies, and that they are especially keen on taking on all new featuresconnected with mobile technology and the Internet. In spite of this oft-repeatedclaim, one could suspect that since computers and mobile phones have become sowidespread among large portions of the populations in the industrialised world, itmight not be technology, per se, that distinguishes the young from the old, butrather the actual ways in which it is used. One approach to discuss this is in termsof media generations. It could be expected that generations that have grown upwith different mediated experiences during their formative years will relate to themobile technology in a variety of ways (cf. Mannheim, 1952 & Volkmer, 2006). Inthis article, three such generations are analysed: the radio/print generation (born inthe 1930s), the TV generation (born in the 1950s), and the mobile technologygeneration (born in the 1980s). Access and usage patterns are researched, and thedegree to which the three generations differ when it comes to their relations tomobile technology is discussed, but also the unifying character of the mobiletelephony usage. Our methodological approach is quantitative, analysing resultsfrom annually conducted postal surveys that are representative for the Swedishpopulation.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bäckhed, Fredrik, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Structural requirements for TLR4-mediated LPS signalling: a biological role for LPS modifications
- 2003
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Ingår i: Microbes Infect. - 1286-4579 .- 1769-714X. ; 5:12, s. 1057-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cells of the mucosal lining are the first to encounter invading bacteria during infection, and as such, they have developed numerous ways of detecting microbial intruders. Recently, we showed that epithelial cells recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through the CD14-Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 complex. Here, we identify the substructures of LPS that are recognized by the TLR4 receptor complex. In contrast to lipid A, the O-antigen does not mediate an inflammatory response; rather it interferes with the lipid A recognition. An Escherichia coli strain genetically modified to express penta-acylated lipid A not only showed reduced immunogenicity, but was also found to inhibit pro-inflammatory signalling induced by wild-type E. coli (hexa-acylated lipid A) as well as LPS from other bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Furthermore, penta-acylated LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa acted as an antagonist to hexa-acylated E. coli LPS, as did E. coli, as shown by its inhibitory effect on IL-8 production in stimulated cells. Hypo-acylated lipid A, such as that of P. aeruginosa, is found in several species within the gut microflora as well as in several bacteria causing chronic infections. Thus, our results suggest that the composition of the microflora may be important in modulating pro-inflammatory signalling in epithelial cells under normal as well as pathologic conditions.
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| 9. |
- Elmroth, Kerstin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Chromatin- and temperature-dependent modulation of radiation-induced double-strand breaks
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Radiation Biology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0955-3002 .- 1362-3095. ; 79:10, s. 809-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To investigate the influence of chromatin organization and scavenging capacity in relation to irradiation temperature on the induction of double-strand breaks (DSB) in structures derived from human diploid fibroblasts. Materials and methods: Agarose plugs with different chromatin structures (intact cells±wortmannin, permeabilized cells with condensed chromatin, nucleoids and DNA) were prepared and irradiated with X-rays at 2 or 37°C and lysed using two different lysis protocols (new ice-cold lysis or standard lysis at 37°C). Induction of DSB was determined by constant-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The dose-modifying factor (DMFtemp) for irradiation at 37 compared with 2°C was 0.92 in intact cells (i.e. more DSB induced at 2°C), but gradually increased to 1.5 in permeabilized cells, 2.2 in nucleoids and 2.6 in naked DNA, suggesting a role of chromatin organization for temperature modulation of DNA damage. In addition, DMFtemp was influenced by the presence of 0.1 M DMSO or 30 mM glutathione, but not by post-irradiation temperature. Conclusion: The protective effect of low temperature was correlated to the indirect effects of ionizing radiation and was not dependent on post-irradiation temperature. Reasons for a dose modifying factor <1 in intact cells are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Elmroth, Kerstin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Cleavage of cellular DNA by calicheamicin γ1
- 2003
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Ingår i: DNA Repair. - 1568-7864 .- 1568-7856. ; 2:4, s. 363-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is assumed that the efficient antitumor activity of calicheamicin γ1 is mediated by its ability to introduce DNA double-strand breaks in cellular DNA. To test this assumption we have compared calicheamicin γ1-mediated cleavage of cellular DNA and purified plasmid DNA. Cleavage of purified plasmid DNA was not inhibited by excess tRNA or protein indicating that calicheamicin γ1 specifically targets DNA. Cleavage of plasmid DNA was not affected by incubation temperature. In contrast, cleavage of cellular DNA was 45-fold less efficient at 0°C as compared to 37° due to poor cell permeability at low temperatures. The ratio of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) to single-stranded breaks (SSB) in cellular DNA was 1:3, close to the 1:2 ratio observed when calicheamicin γ1 cleaved purified plasmid DNA. DNA strand breaks introduced by calicheamicin γ1 were evenly distributed in the cell population as measured by the comet assay. Calicheamicin γ1-induced DSBs were repaired slowly but completely and resulted in high levels of H2AX phosphorylation and efficient cell cycle arrest. In addition, the DSB-repair deficient cell line Mo59J was hyper sensitive to calicheamicin γ. The data indicate that DSBs is the crucial damage after calicheamicin γ1 and that calicheamicin γ1-induced DSBs are recognized normally. The high DSB:SSB ratio, specificity for DNA and the even damage distribution makes calicheamicin γ1 a superior drug for studies of the DSB-response and emphasizes its usefulness in treatment of malignant disease.
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