| 1. |
- Almberg, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences of facilitators or barriers in driving education from learner and novice drivers with ADHD or ASD and their driving instructors
- 2017
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Ingår i: Developmental Neurorehabilitation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1751-8423 .- 1751-8431. ; 20:2, s. 59-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Little is known about whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) experience any specific facilitators or barriers to driving education.Objective: To explore the facilitators or barriers to driving education experienced by individuals with ASD or ADHD who obtained a learner’s permit, from the perspective of the learner drivers and their driving instructors.Methods: Data were collected from 33 participants with ASD or ADHD, and nine of their driving instructors.Results: Participants with ASD required twice as many driving lessons and more on-road tests than those with ADHD. Participants with ADHD repeated the written tests more than those with ASD. Driving license theory was more challenging for individuals with ADHD, whilst individuals with ASD found translating theory into practice and adjusting to “unfamiliar” driving situations to be the greatest challenges.Conclusion: Obtaining a driving license was associated with stressful training experience.
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| 2. |
- Hjorth, Urban, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Subsample distribution distance and McMC convergence
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. - : Wiley. - 0303-6898 .- 1467-9469. ; 32:2, s. 313-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new measure based on comparison of empirical distributions for sub sequences or parallel runs and the full sequence of Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, is proposed as a criterion of stability or convergence. The measure is also put forward as a loss function when the design of a Markov chain is optimized. The comparison is based on a Kullback-Leibler (KL) type distance over value sets defined by the output data. The leading term in a series expansion gives an interpretation in terms of the relative uncertainty of cell frequencies. The validity of this term is studied by simulation in two analytically tractable cases with Markov dependency. The agreement between the leading term and the KL-measure is close, in particular when the simulations are extensive enough for stable results. Comparisons with established criteria turn out favourably in examples studied.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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A Swedish survey of occupational therapists' involvement and performance in driving assessments
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 14:4, s. 215-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which occupational therapists (OTs) are involved in driving assessments in Sweden and how these assessments are performed. A questionnaire was sent to 154 geriatric, rehabilitation, and neurological clinics, and additionally directly to 19 OTs who had purchased a test battery specifically used for driving assessments. The response rate was 60%. Of those responding, 57% reported being involved in fitness-to-drive assessments. However, such assessments were carried out in various manners and diverse methods were used, ranging from unstandardized activity assessments to a test developed specifically for driving assessments. Only 19% used on-road driving tests as a complement to the clinical assessments. Apart from the lack of appropriate methods, the respondents said that they did not have sufficient knowledge to perform driving assessments and expressed a need for further education. In the future it seems necessary for OTs in Sweden to undergo specialized training and perform the assessments on a regular basis to maintain a high level of competence as driving assessors.
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| 4. |
- Samuelsson, Kersti, et al.
(författare)
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Fitness to drive after acquired brain injury: Results from patient cognitive screening and on-road assessment compared to age-adjusted norm values
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 63:1, s. 55-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fitness to drive after acquired brain injury or disease is a common question in rehabilitation settings. The aim of the study was to compare age-matched norms with patient cognitive test results used to predict fitness to drive. A second aim was to analyze the contribution from an on-road assessment to a final decision on resumption of driving after an acquired brain injury. Retrospective cognitive test results from four traffic medicine units (n=333) were compared with results from a healthy norm population (n=410) in Sweden. Patients were dichotomized according to the final decision as fit or unfit to drive made by the traffic medicine team. The norm group had significantly better results in all age groups for all cognitive tests compared with the patients considered unfit to drive and fit to drive. A binary regression analysis for the patient group showed an explained value for fit to drive/unfit to drive of 88%, including results for the Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment total score, Useful Field of View total score and the final outcome from an on-road assessment. Results from the present study illustrate the importance of using several tests, methods and contexts for the final decision regarding fitness to drive.
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| 5. |
- Selander, Helena, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive prerequisites for fitness to drive: Norm values for the TMT, UFOV and NorSDSA tests
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 27:3, s. 231-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Fitness-to-drive assessment is a growing area for occupational therapists. There are few off-road tests specially developed to assess fitness to drive, and several cognitive tests have no age-specific norms. Aims/objectives: The aim was to identify and describe age-related norm values for the Trail Making Test, Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment and Useful Field of View test, and to study inter-correlation between test results. Materials and methods: The sample included 410 volunteers; 149 men and 261 women, mean age 52 +/- 16.8 years. Commonly used off-road tests were used: TMT A and B, UFOV and NorSDSA. Results: Normative data for the specific subtests and total score for NorSDSA and UFOV are provided and presented in four age groups. Age correlated with the results for most of the subtests. Conclusions: Off-road cognitive test scores are necessary and valuable for occupational therapists in their contribution to the final decision on continued driving. In clinical practice, it can be difficult to interpret cognitive test results when working with driving assessments. Age-based norm values are suggested to be a way to provide clinicians with a benchmark against which scores can be compared. Significance: Age-based norms can guide occupational therapists working with fitness to drive.
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| 6. |
- Selander, Helena, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Older drivers: On-road and off-road test results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 43:4, s. 1348-1354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eighty-five volunteer drivers, 65-85 years old, without cognitive impairments impacting on their driving were examined, in order to investigate driving errors characteristic for older drivers. In addition, any relationships between cognitive off-road and on-road tests results, the latter being the gold standard, were identified. Performance measurements included Trail Making Test (TMT), Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment (NorSDSA), Useful Field of View (UFOV), self-rating driving performance and the two on-road protocols P-Drive and ROA. Some of the older drivers displayed questionable driving behaviour. In total, 21% of the participants failed the on-road assessment. Some of the specific errors were more serious than others. The most common driving errors embraced speed: exceeding the speed limit or not controlling the speed. Correlations with the P-Drive protocol were established for NorSDSA total score (weak), UFOV subtest 2 (weak), and UFOV subtest 3 (moderate). Correlations with the ROA protocol were established for UFOV subtest 2 (weak) and UFOV subtest 3 (weak). P-Drive and self ratings correlated weakly, whereas no correlation between self ratings and the ROA protocol was found. The results suggest that specific problems or errors seen in an older persons driving can actually be "normal driving behaviours".
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| 7. |
- Selander, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment as predictor for the outcome of an on-road test.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 17:1, s. 10-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of the cognitive test battery Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment (NorSDSA) has increased, sometimes as a stand-alone test to evaluate fitness to drive, also for non-stroke patients such as patients suffering from cognitive deficits/dementia, approaches that may be questioned. The objective of the study was to determine whether the NorSDSA could predict an on-road test result, for large sets of stroke ( n=74) and cognitive deficits/dementia participants ( n=116), respectively. The percentage of correctly classified was 62% for the stroke group and 50% for the cognitive deficits/dementia group. A discriminant analysis with pass/fail on the on-road test as grouping variable could classify 62% of the stroke participants and the cognitive deficit/dementia participants. Hence, the NorSDSA could not predict the outcome of the on-road test. Therefore, NorSDSA should not be used as a stand-alone test to determine the fitness to drive of individual participants. Also, its use with participants suffering from cognitive deficits/dementia appears to be less successful than for clients with stroke.
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| 8. |
- Thorslund, Birgitta, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Simulator-based driving test prescreening as a complement to driver testing – Toward safer and more risk-aware drivers
- 2024
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Young people represent a high-risk group of drivers and the prevalence of road traffic crashes among young drivers is high. Thus, to increase traffic safety, it is essential to ensure that new drivers are both sufficiently educated in and assessed for risk awareness. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility and potential benefit of using a driving simulator screening test as a complement to the existing on-road driving test. The main idea is to detect drivers who are not ready to proceed to the driving test. A comparative study was performed with participants who passed and failed a simulator test and an on-road driving test, respectively. A comparison between subjective and objective measures of performance and risk was also included. A driving simulator was placed at a traffic school and customers were recruited as participants. In total, 70 participants took part in the study and the simulated drive consisted of rural roads, urban traffic, and motorways with 16 different scenarios, constructed from the second level of the GDE matrix, to examine driving behavior, attention, and risk perception. The results show that with a screening test in a driving simulator, it is possible to detect drivers who consider themselves ready to take a driving test, but who have not yet reached the level of risk awareness required to be a safe driver. Test scenarios should be suited to detect deficiencies in risk awareness, test different levels of the GDE matrix and, to complement the driving test, be difficult to assess in an on-road driving test. Deficiencies in self-evaluation that are well-known among young drivers are again confirmed. To practice self-evaluation, the driving simulator is suggested as a pedagogical tool, linked to the GDE matrix.
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