| 1. |
- Becevic, Zulmir
(författare)
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Utsatthetens röster
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här avhandlingen handlar om ungdomar i samhäilsvård och deras livsberättelser, om erfarenheter av att växa upp under kaotiska livsvillkor som karaktäriseras av psykiska problem, trasiga relationer, och andra fotmer av social utsatthet. Syftet är att undersöka hur ungdomar som är placerade i samhällsvård använder sina erfarenheteter för att skapa mening och sammanhang kring sig själva och sina liv. Genom att fokusera på röster, interaktioner och emotioner synliggörs livsvillkor samtidigt som kunskapen om ungdomar i samhällsvård och deras livserfarenheter fördjupas. Ungdomarnas berättelser analyseras i relation till identitet, relationer och emotioner, och framtiden. Avhandlingen tar avstamp i en interaktionistisk och erfarenhetsorienterad ansats, som ger ontologiskt företräde åt den tolkande, meningsskapande, kännande och betiittande individen och individens upplevelse av den sociala verkligheten. Avhandlingen bygger på empiriskt material insamlat genom semistrukturerade livsberättelseintervjuer på fyra samhällsvårdande institutioner. Sammanlagt genomfördes 20 enskilda imervjuer med 13 deltagare, sex tjejer och sju killar i åldrarna 13-21. Analysen har fokuserat på tolkningar av interaktioner som berättelsernas grundläggande byggstenar, vilka på olika sätt spelat en viktig roll i berättarnas syn på sig själva i relation till en bredare social kontext. Analysen visar hur erfatenheter kopplade till problem och avvikelser görs till dominerande erfarenheter genom vilka berättarna förstår sig själva och sina liv. Dessa berättelsers övergripande funktion är att skapa ordning som väger upp mot den sociala oordning som berättarna på ett existentiellt plan upplever att de befinner sig i och behöver förklara och motivera. Resultaten tyder på att tillvaron i institutionell kontext tenderar all förstärka synen på en själv och ens liv som problematiskt och avvikande. Detta ses som en inbyggd motsättning i den problemhmterancle verksamhet vars övergripa nde syfte är att kompensera for och "arbeta bort" problem. Analysen visar att tillvaron i en institutionell kontext istället förstärker orinteringen mot erfarenheter av problematisk karaktär. Andra resultat är att berättelser om relationer får sin huvudsakliga karaktäristik från negativa, emotionella erfarenheter, vilket pekar på vikten av att etablera tillitsfulla relationer i utformningen av hjälpinsatser. Slutligen, berättelser om framtida planer och förväntningar handlar i huvudsak om anpassning till traditionella normer. Livet efter samhällsvården handlar om att passa in i vad som definierns som samtidens vedertagna syn på normalitet och ordning.
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| 2. |
- Bivall, Ann-Charlotte, 1977-
(författare)
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Helpdesking : Knowing and learning in IT support practices
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The background of this doctoral thesis is an interest in work achievement over extended time periods in specialized and technology-infused workplaces. Globalization, digitalization and increased focus on customer services are constituent aspects that have been claimed responsible for the current changes in the way work practices and teamwork are organized. In IT helpdesk work, which is the object of study in this thesis, challenges including dissemination of information, keeping up-to-date with technological changes and coordi- nation of people and tasks have been identified as critical. The aim of this thesis is to illuminate how knowing and competence are maintained and shared as participants engage in backstage activities in helpdesk work. The focus is on the nature of the activities that unfolds when employees engage in activities that include interaction as well as artefacts. The empirical material comprises video- and audio-recorded activities of a second-level helpdesk in a large multinational IT provider. Targeted ‘hot spot’ activities are shift changes, quality discussions and introductions of newcomers. Based on a sociocultural perspective, the (re)production of professional practices is understood as continuous negotiations between participants and tools within a situated framework. Methodologically, this implies detailed investigations of authentic activities where interactions and tool use are analysed from the participant’s perspective. Three studies are included in the thesis, each of them provide insights into the organizing of shared knowing and competence. Study One focuses on how tasks and information are communicated between shifts and transformed into workable units and knowledge. Study Two addresses the role of activities specifically arranged for learning and separated from other work tasks. In Study Three, the focus is on introductions of newcomers and what can be learned from interactions with experienced participants and technological tools. The analyses show that knowledge work is a continuous and communicatively-based undertaking. Continuity across shifts relies on several documenting routines and procedures, but shift change meetings provide opportunities for interpretation and negotiation of information as well as coordination of tasks. Talking about work provides a space for reflection and reformulation of team-related quality norms and values as shared foundations for work. Furthermore, inducting newcomers to the specialized and situated practice brings about the very detailed procedures involved in managing everyday work and technological tools. By describing the reasoning and knowing displayed by helpdesk employees, the thesis contributes to discussions about knowledge work and sharing in organizational settings, teamwork, system design and lifelong learning. To conclude, it is suggested that sharing and reproduction of knowing in practice is a collective effort that entails creative involvement by members of the practice.
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| 3. |
- Cardemil, Carina
(författare)
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Effects of antiresorptive agents on inflammation and bone regeneration in different osseous sites - experimental and clinical studies
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The biological mechanisms involved in bone regeneration in osteoporotic bone and the effect of antiresorptive drugs in relation to surgically inserted biomaterials are not fully understood. Improved osseointegration of titanium implants but also adverse effects of antiresorptive therapies, such as osteonecrotic jaw have been described in the literature. The aims of this research project were, firstly, to investigate and to understand the biological events determining bone regeneration and implant integration, after administration of antiresorptive agents; secondly, to determine the cellular and molecular patterns of bone regeneration at implants and synthetic bone substitutes under osteoporotic conditions and, thirdly, to determine how different skeletal sites are affected. The present research included a study of jawbone morphology and gene expression in patients treated with systemic bisphosphonates. When compared to controls, higher gene expression levels of IL-1β was observed in bisphosphonate treated patients with osteonecrosis while bisphosphonate treated patients without necrosis showed lower expression levels of caspase 8, an apoptosis marker involved in the immune response. In ovariectomised rats, zoledronic acid resulted in site-specific differences in the rate of osseointegration and also of gene expression involved in bone healing and regeneration. Strontium-doped calcium phosphate inserted in the rat femur induced lower expression of osteoclastic markers compared to hydroxyapatite and higher bone formation in the periphery of the defects. Whereas major structural changes were demonstrated in the long bones of the ovariectomised rat, less structural alterations were shown in the mandible. However, ovariectomy resulted in lower expression of genes coding for bone formation and angiogenesis in the mandible. In conclusion, the present study shows that the mandible is differently affected by experimentally induced estrogen deficiency than the long bones. Bisphosphonates, administered systemically to estrogen deficient animals, impair osseointegration in the mandible, at least partly related to a downregulation of genes important for the osteogenic process. These observations may have implications for understanding the mechanisms involved in the deranged bone healing observed in the jawbone of bisphosphonate treated patients.
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| 4. |
- Lindwall, Oskar, 1974-
(författare)
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Lab work in science education : Instruction, inscription, and the practical achievement of understanding
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Taking an analytical perspective founded on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, the four studies presented in this thesis provide detailed analyses of video recorded lab work in mechanics at secondary and university level. The investigated activities all build on educational design afforded by a technology called probeware. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how teachers, task formulations, and technology make mechanics visible and learnable, and how students and teachers witnessably orient towards the practical achievement of understanding in the setting. The first study investigates how students use the technology in the interpretation and production of graphs: how they produce increasingly precise interpretations, how they fluently switch between different modes of meaning, and how the interpretations are both prospectively and retrospectively oriented. With a starting point in the analysis, the relevance of technology and task structure for the students’ interaction and learning are discussed. In the second study, the use of probeware is contrasted with the use of a simulation software. The study shows that some important differences between the local enactment of the two technologies are to be found in the practical work of the students; more specifically, in the ways that students orient to the subject matter content. The third study demonstrates an intimate interplay between how students display their problems and understandings and how instructors try to make the subject matter content visible and learnable. The analyzed episodes are illuminating with regard to the analytical notion of disciplined perception as applied to graph interpretation, the cognitive and practical competencies involved in producing, recognizing, and understanding graphs in mechanics, and the interactive work by which these competencies are made into objects of learning and instruction. The fourth study investigates episodes where explicit references to students’ understanding are made through formulations such as, “I don’t understand” or “do you get it?” The analysis focuses on the use, reference, interactional significance, and positioning of these formulations, and is followed by a discussion on the relation between the many and varied ways references to understanding are used and the concrete conditions of lab work. In sum, all four studies contribute to a detailed understanding of lab work as an educational practice and how learning and instruction are practically achieved.
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| 5. |
- Lundström (Gondouin), Johanna
(författare)
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Terrängbeskrivning. P. O. Sundman, moderniteten och medmänniskan
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to elucidate the relationship between aesthetics, modernity andsociaJ interaction in Sundman's works. Sundman is known for his behavioristic, "objective"narrative method as Linked to an epistemological, sceptical view of reality as conventionallyunders tood. However the dissertation shows how the formal distinctiveness of Sundman'snarratives prove to coincide with a critical scrutiny of modernity understood as an ar onceexistential and social condition. The thesis' approach is textual-analytical and historical. Close readings of the texts considered as Literary artefacts are related to a historical contextsummarized in the term modernity.The examination takes as its starting-point an analysis of Sundman's two short-fiction collections Jägarna (The Hunter;, 1957) and Sökarna (The Searchers, 1963). Thereafter it treats Sundman's novels Undersökningen (The Investigation, 1958), Skytten (The Marksman, 1960) and Expeditionen (The Expedition, 1962.) in chronological order. These texts together display the spectrum of Sundman's critiques of modernity. The narratological analysis is concentrated upon focalization and narrator functions. Other forms of presentation studied are repetition,parataxis and deixis. The analysis lays bare complications in the mimetic aesthetics of the narratives involved, and show how Sundman's objective rhetoric functions as a legitimizing strategy. These aspects are then related co the fundamental issues of social interaction depicted in the narratives; in sum revealed as a problematic of unmotivated giving and receiving.Regarding the theme of modernity, the terms rationality, bureaucracy and Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft are central to the study. The analysis on the one hand shows Sundman's texts thematizing modernity as a paradoxical phenomenon, on the other hand that precisely its paradoxical nature sheds significant light on contradictions inherent co Sundman's own authorship. The ideology criticized by Sundman is in other words simultaneously found fundamental to his own basic outlook as a writer. The struggle made evident in the texts between an authoritarian fixation upon theoretical knowledge and an open-ended giving and receiving acquires much of its tension by the ambiguity of the narration and is at length laid bare as a contradiction inherenc to modernity itself Modernity thus becomes a "formal" and"material" theme launched in Sundman's oeuvre while at the same time forming its essential prerequisite. The dissertation considers the intra-human conflicts depicted in Sundman's worksas forming a complex of problems linked to modern life. Sundman's staging of unmotivated giving and receiving as a way of conceiving human relations thus appears as a comprehensively political figure of thought.
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| 6. |
- Sotevik, Lena, 1981
(författare)
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Barbiebröllop och Homohundar. Barn och barndomar i relation till queerhet och (hetero)normativa livslinjer
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation investigates relations between sexualities, children and childhoods by examining the following questions: How are heteronormativity and normative life courses repeated, negotiated and challenged by children? How are norms of age, children and childhood given significance in relation to heteronormativity and queerness? How is the child featured in contemporary discourses regarding sexualities, normative life courses and possible futures? The study is based on the discourse analysis methodology of Foucault (1972, 1980, 1993, 2002) and inspired by Marcus’ (1995, 1998) ’multi-sited ethnography.’ Children’s play and meaning-making during the school day are studied using participatory observations. Preschool policy documents are analyzed to investigate in what way ‘sexual orientation’ is discussed in relation to discrimination and equal treatment, and teachers are interviewed on the subject of working with lgbtq certification and norm criticism in preschool. Sources within children’s culture, showing representations of same-sex love, provide another entrance for investigating how queerness is presented, and how this is discussed among adults. Critical perspectives from queer theory and childhood studies, where sexuality and age are considered simultaneously discursive, material and performative (Butler, 1990, 1993; Castaneda, 2003, Foucault, 2002; Lee, 2001), are combined theoretically. How age (childhood) norms and sexuality norms interact is investigated using queer-temporal theories (Ahmed, 2006; Dyer, 2014; Edelman, 2004; Halberstam, 2005; Stockton, 2009). The results of the included articles indicate that children normalize heterosexuality by (re)producing heteronormative family and couple discourses in their family play and wedding play. This emerges as age-coded heteronormativity, where norms of children and adults become visible through the way in which heteronormativity is repeated. At preschool, representations of ‘sexual orientation’ are primarily focused on families and family constellations, rarely mentioning interactions among the children. Queerness in relation to childhood emerges, at the same time, as something that is demanded and questioned. The child is used as a space for negotiation of society values, disguised as the question of what is good or bad for children. A conditional queerness emerges, at the intersection of lgbtq+ questions, as an increasingly desirable symbol of a democratic, modern and urban society, and as the expected absence of childhood sexuality, particularly queer sexuality. Queerness is made conditional through, for instance, desexualized love and family discourses. Age norms, in this case norms of children and childhoods, are significant for how, when and with which arguments queerness is represented.
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| 7. |
- Svensson, Maria, 1969-
(författare)
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Att urskilja tekniska system : didaktiska dimensioner i grundskolan
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med avhandlingen är att bidra till den ämnesdidaktiska kunskapsbasen för undervisning och lärande om tekniska system i grundskolan. Dagens teknikkomplexa samhälle är uppbyggt av system som vi människor interagerar med. Informations-, energi- och kommunikationssystem är exempel på tekniska system som vi kommer i kontakt med dagligen. Tekniska system ingår som en del av kunskapsinnehållet i den svenska grundskolans teknikämne, men forskning som rör teknikämnet visar att undervisning av tekniska system är begränsad och det råder osäkerhet kring vad lärande av tekniska system innebär. De övergripande frågeställningarna är: Hur uppfattar unga tekniska system? Hur kan ungas uppfattningar av tekniska system användas för att utveckla undervisningen om tekniska system? Vilken potential, att bidra till en ökad förståelse av teknik i dagens samhälle, har tekniska system som kunskapsinnehåll i teknikämnet? Avhandlingen bygger på två studier som presenteras i fyra artiklar. I två av artiklarna fokuseras ungas uppfattningar av tekniska system och i två artiklar lyfts didaktiska dimensioner av tekniska system fram. En fenomenografisk ansats används för att kartlägga ungdomars olika sätt att erfara tekniska system genom empiriska undersökningar av kvalitativa skillnader i det kollektiva erfarandet av fenomenet. Resultatet av studierna indikerar att dimensioner av tekniska system och kritiska aspekter inom dessa dimensioner är avgörande för en utvecklad förståelse av tekniska system. Genom att lärare blir medvetna om ungas uppfattningar om tekniska system kan de med detta som utgångspunkt utveckla undervisningen. Inom den ämnesdidaktiska kunskapstraditionen ses den lärandes uppfattning av innehållet innan undervisningen startar som en betydelsefull aspekt av lärarens ämnesdidaktiska kompetens Det är därför viktigt att lärare är medvetna om dimensionerna och de kritiska aspekterna då de planerar och genomför undervisning för att kunna erbjuda kraftfulla sätt att lära om tekniska system. De didaktiska implikationerna, när det gäller tekniska system, lyfter fram aspekter av teknik som har betydelse för förståelsen av teknik även på ett mer generellt plan. Det handlar om kunskaper som aktiva medborgare i dagens teknikkomplexa samhälle behöver, så som insikter om krav på resurser, människans intentioner med och inblandning i tekniken samt hur teknikens struktur och organisation ser ut. Tekniska system som kunskapsinnehåll erbjuder en förståelse av teknik där viktiga medborgerliga aspekter som engagemang, konsekvensanalys och användaransvar kan synliggöras och problematiseras.
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| 8. |
- Zachrisson, Helene, 1964-
(författare)
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Noninvasive assessment of cerebral circulation before, during and after carotid surgery
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Non-invasive ultrasound investigations were evaluated in patients with carotid artery stenosis in comparison with radiological disease gradations and perioperative blood pressure measurements. The aim was to assess cerebrovascular hemodynamics before, during and after carotid thrombendarterectomy (CEA) in relation to the clinical outcome of the surgical intervention.Intracranial collateral blood flow as a consequence of high grade carotid artery disease can be investigated by means of blood flow velocity measurements with 3D-transcranial Doppler flow mapping and proximal common carotid artery compressions. The value and risks of common carotid artery compression were therefore assessed. No adverse effects were seen in 3383 patient studies retrospectively reviewed. In addition, we found that transcranial Doppler without carotid compression may lead to false identification of the posterior cerebral artery.Preoperative blood flow velocities within the carotid stenosis and poststenotic blood pressures during intraoperative carotid clamping were analysed with respect to some serious postoperative complications. We found that blood flow velocities within severe internal carotid artery (ICA) stenoses are inversely related to the poststenotic collateral blood pressure. High diastolic blood flow velocities within the ICA stenosis might indicate low collateral blood pressures and increased risk for severe postoperative neurological complications. The discrepancies occasionally seen between preoperative ultrasound investigation and angiography might therefore be explained by high collateral backpressures, which may induce unusually low blood flow velocities within severe ICA diameter reductions.The carotid compression test, performed during the preoperative transcranial Doppler investigation, was used to predict middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow reductions during intraoperative carotid artery cross-clamping. Surprisingly, we found a greater decrease of the MCA blood flow velocities during the carotid compression test compared with the flow changes during cross-clamping. Signs of cerebrovascular autoregulation due to carotid compression were not reproducible during carotid clamping under general anaesthesia. The few patients with postoperative adverse reactions happened to show a pattern of low collateral blood pressures and relatively high MCA blood flow velocities during cross-clamping. Since general anaesthesia affects cerebral autoregulation we performed a postoperative transcranial Doppler study to assess the MCA blood flow pattern after surgical restoration of normal ICA blood flow. In the majority of the patients, we observed increased blood flow velocities bilaterally within the MCA, which might be a result of postoperative hyperperfusion or autonomic imbalance of carotid sinus baroreceptors.In conclusion, evaluations of cerebrovascular hemodynamics in CEA patients might give important information indicating risks of complications.
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