| 1. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
A Fair Share : Burden-Sharing Preferences in the United States and China
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a choice experiment, we investigated preferences for distributing the economic burden of decreasing CO2 emissions in the two largest CO2-emitting countries: the United States and China. We asked respondents about their preferences for four burden-sharing rules to reduce CO2 emissions according to their country’s 1) historical emissions, 2) income level, 3) equal right to emit per person, and 4) current emissions. We found that U.S. respondents preferred the rule based on current emissions, while the equal right to emit rule was clearly least preferred. The Chinese respondents, on the other hand, preferred the historical rule, while the current emissions rule was the least preferred. Respondents overall favored the rule that was least costly for their country. These marked differences may explain the difficulties countries face in agreeing how to share costs, presenting a tough hurdle to overcome in future negotiations. We also found that the strength of the preferences was much stronger in China, suggesting that how mitigation costs are shared across countries is more important there.
|
|
| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Do EPA administrators recommend environmental policies that citizens want?
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate whether Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator preferences regarding improvements in environmental quality differ from citizen preferences. The scope and significance of the possible difference are assessed by conducting identical choice experiments (CE) on a random sample of Swedish citizens and a random sample of administrators working at the Swedish EPA. The experiment concerns two environmental quality objectives: a Balanced Marine Environment and Clean Air. The EPA administrators were asked to choose the alternatives they would recommend as a policy, while the citizens were asked to act as private persons. We find that the rankings of attributes differ between the two groups, and that there are significant differences in the willingness to pay (WTP) for particular attributes. EPA administrators have a higher WTP for five out of the seven attributes, and in some cases the difference is not only significant but also substantial. We also asked the administrators to motivate their CE choices, and the main motive was ecological sustainability.
|
|
| 3. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Doing good with other people’s money: A charitable giving experiment with students in environmental sciences and economics
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We augment a standard dictator game to investigate how preferences for an environmental project relate to willingness to limit others’ choices. We explore this issue by distinguishing three student groups: economists, environmental economists, and environmental social scientists. We find that people are generally disposed to grant freedom of choice, but only within certain limits. In addition, our results are in line with the widely held belief that economists are more selfish than other people. Yet, against the notion of consumer sovereignty, economists are not less likely to restrict others’ choices and impose restrictions closer to their own preferences than the other student groups.
|
|
| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender Differences in Competitiveness: Experimental Evidence from China
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Experimental evidence from both the lab and the field shows that women on average have a lower propensity to enter a competitive environment. In this paper, we investigate gender differences in competitiveness using a lab-in-the-field experiment and a subject pool consisting of Chinese adults. China provides an interesting environment to study in this regard since the country has promoted gender equality for a long time and the gender gap in earnings is small in a cross-country comparison. However, in many respects, China is still a patriarchal society. Our experimental results show that women perform equally well as men in a piece-rate task and significantly better in a competitive payment environment. Despite this, men are more than twice as likely to voluntarily choose a competitive environment. This gender difference cannot be explained by differences in risk preferences or overconfidence.
|
|
| 5. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Ignoring attributes in choice experiments
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we use follow-up questions to investigate whether attributes have been ignored in a choice experiment on environmental goods. This information is subsequently used in the estimation of the model by restricting the individual parameters for the ignored attributes to zero. We then separately estimate the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for the whole sample and for those who took all attributes into account. We find no significant differences in mean marginal WTP between these two models. However, when taking the shares of respondents who considered both the environmental and the cost attributes (52 -69 percent of the respondents) into account, then the marginal WTPs for each attribute change if the respondents who ignored the attributes have a zero WTP. Hence, not taking into account whether respondents have considered the attribute could give biased welfare estimates and wrong policy implications. We also investigate whether any socioeconomic characteristics can explain who ignores attributes, and find that very few of the variables are significant, indicating that we can only partly explain the behavior.
|
|
| 6. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Is Fairness Blind? - The effect of framing on preferences for effort-sharing rules
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By using a choice experiment, this paper focuses on citizens’ preferences for effort-sharing rules of how carbon abatement should be shared among countries. We find that Swedes do not rank the rule favoring their own country highest. Instead, they prefer the rule where all countries are allowed to emit an equal amount per person, a rule that favors Africa at the expense of high emitters such as the U.S. The least preferred rule is reduction proportional to historical emissions. Using two different treatments, one where the respondents were informed about the country names and one where the country names were replaced with anonymous labels A-D, we also test whether people’s preferences for effort-sharing rules depend on the framing of the problem. We find that while the ranking of the principles is the same in both treatments, the strength of the preferences is significantly increased when the actual names of the countries are used.
|
|
| 7. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Long-run effects of family policies: An experimental study of the Chinese one-child policy
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present lab-in-the-field experimental evidence of the effects of the Chinese one-child policy on individuals’ preferences and behavior as adults. The experiments were conducted in three different provinces because the policy was not strictly implemented at the same time in all provinces. We measure risk and time preferences, as well as subjects’ competitiveness, cooperation, and bargaining behavior, sampling individuals born both before and after the introduction of the policy. Overall, we do not find any sizeable or statistically significant effects of the one-child policy on preferences or behavior in any of the experiments. These results hold for heterogeneity in the timing of the implementation of the OCP in different provinces, for heterogeneity among individuals, and for various robustness checks.
|
|
| 8. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Paying for Mitigation: A Multiple Country Study
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Unique survey data from a contingent valuation study conducted in three different countries (China, Sweden, and the United States) were used to investigate the ordinary citizen’s willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing CO2 emissions. We find that a large majority of the respondents in all three countries believe that the mean global temperature has increased over the last 100 years and that humans are responsible for the increase. A smaller share of Americans, however, believes these statements, when compared to the Chinese and Swedes. A larger share of Americans is also pessimistic and believes that nothing can be done to stop climate change. We also find that Sweden has the highest WTP for reductions of CO2, while China has the lowest. Thus, even though the Swedes and Chinese are similar to each other in their attitudes toward climate change, they differ considerably in their WTP. When WTP is measured as a share of household income, the willingness to pay is the same for Americans and Chinese, while again higher for the Swedes.
|
|
| 9. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Reducing the gap between stated and real behavior in transportation studies: The use of an oath script
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate whether taking an oath in a survey situation affects respondent behavior in choice experiments with a focus on travel time, comfort, and cost. We conduct two studies in Beijing: one with car commuters and one with public transport commuters. Overall, we find little difference in behavior between responses with and without an oath. In fact, the only difference is that responses are more internally consistent in the version with an oath script: the respondents trade off money in terms of a fuel cost and in terms of a congestion charge in the same way. However, there is no statistically significant effect on marginal willingness to pay for any of the attributes.
|
|
| 10. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Subjective well-being among preadolescents - Evidence from urban China
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine what factors are correlated with subjective well-being among Chinese preadolescents. In particular, we investigate whether preadolescents’ subjective well-being is correlated with their parents’ subjective well-being. Interestingly, we find that the factors that affect parents’ subjective well-being do not influence their preadolescents’ subjective well-being, nor is there a significant correlation between the preadolescents’ subjective well-being and the well-being of their parents. Instead, we find that factors such as number of close friends, not being bullied, and spending time and conversing with parents are positively correlated with preadolescents´ subjective well-being. Another interesting finding is that preadolescents´ well-being does not seem to be correlated with their school performance.
|
|
