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Sökning: LAR1:gu > Forskningsöversikt > Lantbruksvetenskap

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1.
  • Nilsson, R. Henrik, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Mycobiome diversity: high-throughput sequencing and identification of fungi.
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Nature reviews. Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1740-1534 .- 1740-1526. ; 17, s. 95-109
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fungi are major ecological players in both terrestrial and aquatic environments by cycling organic matter and channelling nutrients across trophic levels. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies of fungal communities are redrawing the map of the fungal kingdom by hinting at its enormous - and largely uncharted - taxonomic and functional diversity. However, HTS approaches come with a range of pitfalls and potential biases, cautioning against unwary application and interpretation of HTS technologies and results. In this Review, we provide an overview and practical recommendations for aspects of HTS studies ranging from sampling and laboratory practices to data processing and analysis. We also discuss upcoming trends and techniques in the field and summarize recent and noteworthy results from HTS studies targeting fungal communities and guilds. Our Review highlights the need for reproducibility and public data availability in the study of fungal communities. If the associated challenges and conceptual barriers are overcome, HTS offers immense possibilities in mycology and elsewhere.
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2.
  • Hibbett, David, et al. (författare)
  • Sequence-based classification and identification of Fungi
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Mycologia. - 0027-5514. ; 108:6, s. 1049-1068
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fungal taxonomy and ecology have been revolutionized by the application of molecular methods and both have increasing connections to genomics and functional biology. However, data streams from traditional specimen- and culture-based systematics are not yet fully integrated with those from metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies, which limits understanding of the taxonomic diversity and metabolic properties of fungal communities. This article reviews current resources, needs, and opportunities for sequence-based classification and identification (SBCI) in fungi as well as related efforts in prokaryotes. To realize the full potential of fungal SBCI it will be necessary to make advances in multiple areas. Improvements in sequencing methods, including long-read and single-cell technologies, will empower fungal molecular ecologists to look beyond ITS and current shotgun metagenomics approaches. Data quality and accessibility will be enhanced by attention to data and metadata standards and rigorous enforcement of policies for deposition of data and workflows. Taxonomic communities will need to develop best practices for molecular characterization in their focal clades, while also contributing to globally useful datasets including ITS. Changes to nomenclatural rules are needed to enable valid publication of sequence-based taxon descriptions. Finally, cultural shifts are necessary to promote adoption of SBCI and to accord professional credit to individuals who contribute to community resources.
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4.
  • Götmark, Frank, 1955 (författare)
  • Skötsel av skogar med höga naturvärden – en kunskapsöversikt. Fri utveckling, traditionell hävd och naturvårdsgallring – tre skötselalternativ för sydsvenska skogar : Management alternatives for temperate forests with high conservation values in south Sweden
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. - 0039-646X. ; 104:Supplement 1, s. S1-S88
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Skötsel av skogar med höga naturvärden – en kunskapsöversikt. [Management alternatives for temperate forests with high conservation values in south Sweden.] The management of reserves and other forests with high biodiversity values is debated. Focusing on south Sweden (Fig. 1), I review non- or minimal intervention (”free” succession), traditional management (e.g. grazing, pollarding) and careful partial cutting (conservation thinning, stands with >75% canopy closure). The alternatives are based on 1) ecology and 2) cultural/aesthetical nature conservation, that may be mixed and form value judgements. For about 20 years, ecologists have emphasized the importance of natural disturbances for management (e.g. fire, windstorms, extreme temperatures). In Sweden, the role of succession tends to be overlooked, especially the long-term perspective required to produce old-growth, old trees of long-lived species (>500 years), and high dead wood volumes. In the European lowland, there are extremely few woods that have not been cut for 300 years or more. I suggest minimal intervention should be used for at least 50% of the area of forests with high biodiversity values. Traditional use, including fire that has a strong cultural component, complements minimal intervention in creating habitat diversity, if grazing effects are controlled. Deciduous broadleaved trees, valuable for conservation in our conifer-dominated production forests, have increased (Swedish National Forest Inventory, NFI; Fig. 5). Secondary succession in semi-natural stands have led to denser forests, and conservation thinning (CI) is tested in 25 such stands (references in Table 4). Overall, compared to control areas, CI has positive short-term effects on biodiversity of seven organism groups. I used NFI data from 2003–2007 to analyse broadleaf-rich forest types of three height classes. Tall forests dominated. Closed canopy stands (all height classes) formed about 500 000 ha. Part of this area may be subjected to conservation thinning (and minimal intervention/traditional use). Only 1.4–6% of the broadleaf-rich forest types were protected as nature reserves or national parks 2003–2007. In addition, green forestry plans are used by private and other forest owners to set aside or manage identified conservation stands. The forest company Sveaskog establishes Ecoparks, with various forms of management, and also minimal intervention. No coordinated planning for management of the conservation forests exists in Sweden. We lack data on the actions of forest owners, and need to study the effects of the different forms of management on biodiversity and on cultural/aesthetical aspects.
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5.
  • Hyvonen, R., et al. (författare)
  • The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: New Phytologist. - Cambridge : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 173:3, s. 463-480
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems contain a large part of the carbon stored on land, in the form of both biomass and soil organic matter. Increasing atmospheric [CO2], increasing temperature, elevated nitrogen deposition and intensified management will change this C store. Well documented single-factor responses of net primary production are: higher photosynthetic rate (the main [CO2] response); increasing length of growing season (the main temperature response); and higher leaf-area index (the main N deposition and partly [CO2] response). Soil organic matter will increase with increasing litter input, although priming may decrease the soil C stock initially, but litter quality effects should be minimal (response to [CO2], N deposition, and temperature); will decrease because of increasing temperature; and will increase because of retardation of decomposition with N deposition, although the rate of decomposition of high-quality litter can be increased and that of low-quality litter decreased. Single-factor responses can be misleading because of interactions between factors, in particular those between N and other factors, and indirect effects such as increased N availability from temperature-induced decomposition. In the long term the strength of feedbacks, for example the increasing demand for N from increased growth, will dominate over short-term responses to single factors. However, management has considerable potential for controlling the C store.
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7.
  • Asche, Frank, et al. (författare)
  • Aquaculture: Externalities and Policy Options
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1750-6816 .- 1750-6824. ; 16:2, s. 282-305
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The future of aquaculture will depend critically on the extent of key externalities, how governance evolves to address these externalities, and the extent to which markets and other institutions provide incentives for technological innovation. Governance in this context refers to natural resource management and environmental regulation by governments as well as private sector initiatives and efforts by nongovernmental organizations that seek to influence consumer behavior, supply chain management, and production practices. Potential market failures in aquaculture include natural resource scarcities that stem from the problem of the commons and a number of environmental externalities. To consider appropriate policies and governance structures, we distinguish between externalities that are endogenous (determined within the sector) and externalities that are exogenous (determined outside the sector).
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8.
  • Mougin, Julia, 1994, et al. (författare)
  • Fish disease prevention via microbial dysbiosis-associated biomarkers in aquaculture
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Reviews in Aquaculture. - : Wiley. - 1753-5123 .- 1753-5131. ; 15:2, s. 579-94
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Infectious diseases are a major burden in aquaculture, and represent a significant yield-limiting factor in production that is costly to manage as well as a potential vector for zoonoses. Over the past decades, a range of new diseases have emerged, alongside increased levels of antibiotic resistance, thus heightening the need for improved disease management methods supportive of the One Health concept. Simultaneously, recent advances in Next-Generation Sequencing have increasingly elucidated the role of the microbiome in regulating metabolism, immune function and resilience. Such work has included a plethora of studies on the potential for the management of pathogens through manipulation of the microbiome, as well as related studies of the mechanisms behind host resilience. There is now an increasing robust body of evidence recognizing the importance of a holistic framework in disease aetiology between the host, its environment and colonizing microorganisms, with perturbation increasingly associated with specific dysbiotic states and disease outcomes. Elucidating disease aetiology is a preliminary step towards the development of new prevention methods, with the main goal being early identification of dysbiosis-associated biomarkers prior to any physical signs of the disease. While acknowledging the challenges associated with using key microbial taxa as biomarkers, we review recent advances in the characterization of dysbiosis and associated microbiome signatures in the context of disease development, with an emphasis on early biomarkers for aquaculture disease prevention. Several promising strategies are suggested, including the use of functional genes or metabolic pathways that are conserved between microbial taxa as a potential proxy for homeostasis.
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9.
  • Ukpe, Henrietta Udeme, 1971, et al. (författare)
  • Perceived effects of climate change on profit efficiency among small scale chili pepper marketers in Benue State, Nigeria
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: GeoJournal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0343-2521 .- 1572-9893.
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the determination of the level of efficiency of an enterprise, the role of climate change cannot be overemphasized. However, some scholars are of the view that climate change might not really affect the level of efficiency of an enterprise due to its indirect effect on the performance of an enterprise. Understanding the perception of marketers of agricultural produce about climate change in agribusiness is paramount to sustain small scale enterprises. This study sought to analyze the perceived effects of climate change on profit efficiency among small scale chili pepper marketers in Benue State, Nigeria. Data were collected with the use of structured questionnaire and analyzed using stochastic frontier production function. A combination of purposive and random sampling techniques was used to select 349 producers and marketers, 152 processors, 143 processed retailers and 145 non-processed retailers giving a total of 789 small scale chili pepper marketers from three (3) agricultural zones that make up Benue State, Nigeria. The result showed that on the average, small scale chili pepper marketers are relatively profit efficient. The results also showed that in the marketing chain, small scale processed retailers had the highest mean profit efficiency (0.86). It was therefore recommended that switching business to adapt to crop varieties (cereal crops) that are more resilient to climate change could be an opportunity to small scale chili pepper marketers struggling with chili pepper to leapfrog previous performance and become more productive. Further, the training on preservation of perishable crop should be given to chili pepper producers and marketers and non-processed retailers given that excessive rainfall decreases their profit efficiency.
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10.
  • Andersson, Leif, et al. (författare)
  • Ecological adaptation in cod and herring and possible consequences of future climate change in the Baltic Sea
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-7745. ; 10
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Atlantic herring and Atlantic cod are two marine fish species that have successfully adapted to the brackish Baltic Sea, and the former is able to spawn in near-freshwater conditions in the inner Gulf of Bothnia. Here, we review the state of current knowledge concerning ecological adaptation in the two species and make an attempt to predict how they will be able to cope with future climate change. Previous whole genome sequencing studies in Atlantic herring have revealed hundreds of genetic loci underlying ecological adaptation, including several loci that show very strong associations to variation in salinity and temperature. These results suggest the existence of standing genetic variation available for adaptation to a changing environment. However, although Atlantic herring probably has the genetic potential to adapt, its future status also depends on how climate change will affect plankton production and competing species, such as sprat and three-spined stickleback. In cod, the situation is challenging, as there is only one true Baltic population, spawning east of Bornholm and then dispersing towards the east and north. This Baltic cod population is threatened by overfishing, low oxygen levels in benthic waters and generally bad physiological condition of individual fish, in addition to being completely isolated from gene flow from nearby cod populations at the entrance of the Baltic Sea.
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