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| 2. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Eyewitnesses under influence: How feedback affects the realism in confidence judgements.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Oral paper presented at the 14’th European Conference on Psychology and Law (Cracow, Poland).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Witnesses often discuss the witnessed event with other witnesses. Hence, it is important to increase our understanding of how co-witness feedback affects witnesses’ memory and meta-memory. This study investigated the effect of confirmatory and disconfirmatory feedback on the accuracy in witnesses’ confidence judgements. A general conclusion from the study is that the realism in the witnesses’ confidence judgements is indeed sensitive to co-witness feedback, and more so to confirming than disconfirming feedback.
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| 3. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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The cognitive interview: Effects on the realism in witnesses confidence in their free recall
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 1st meeting of the Nordic Network for research on Psychology and Law (NNPL), Oslo, Norway..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using calibration methodology, this study compared the realism of witnesses’ confidence judgments of their own recall elicited in either the Cognitive Interview (CI) or the Structured Interview (SI). Participants were interviewed about their observations of a staged crime and returned two weeks later to assess their confidence in the statements. The CI, as in previous research, rendered a significantly higher number of correct recalled units compared with the SI. In both interview conditions the witnesses displayed a high level of accuracy and confidence, very good calibration, and very low overconfidence. No difference was found between the CI and SI in terms of calibration, under/overconfidence, or with respect to the witnesses’ estimations of the total number of correctly recalled items. It is suggested that the high realism found in these measures is due to the witnesses assessing their confidence in items they themselves had chosen to report.
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| 4. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The psychological study of police investigations: Contributions from motivated social cognition research
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 14th European Conference on Psychology and Law, Cracow, Poland..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some of the most common mistakes in criminal investigations include one-sided and confirmatory information seeking, and premature narrowing of potential suspects. Such activities appear somewhat comprehensible, considering the fact that investigators typically face considerable time pressure and work in a police culture that advocates efficiency, decisiveness and prestige—conditions that promote a need for investigative closure and undue partiality toward specific conclusions. The motivated social cognition framework accounts for how people’s wishes and needs affect social judgments, and a number of mechanisms for such influence have been identified. The present paper is a theoretical overview seeking to elucidate the direct implications that the mechanisms of motivated cognition have for the investigative process and the practical consequences that may follow. In addition, some initial experimental results generated from this approach are presented
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| 5. |
- Fahsing, I.A., et al.
(författare)
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The man behind the mask: Accuracy and predictors of eyewitness offender descriptions
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Psychology. ; 89:4, s. 722-729
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An archival study was conducted using 250 offender descriptions by witnesses of armed bank robberies. The accuracy of the descriptions was gauged against authentic video documentation of the witnessed crimes. In general, witnesses provided accurate descriptions of the offenders but reported few identifying details. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the witnesses? role (bank tellers vs. customers), the type of weapon used, and the number of perpetrators involved were moderately predictive of the quality of offender descriptions. However, several of the observed relationships were conditional on whether descriptions of basic attributes (e.g., height, age, build) or more detailed features were considered. Hence, the authors concluded that verifying all aspects of witness descriptions is crucial when studying memories for actual crimes.
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| 6. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Contagious contacts: How police trainees influence each other's memories for a criminal event
- 2004
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Ingår i: Oral paper presented at the 14’th European Conference on Psychology and Law (Cracow, Poland).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated memory conformity effect among police trainees who first witnessed, and the discussed, a criminal event. Each member of a pair watched a different video of the same criminal event. The pairs discussed the event, and then each witness performed an individual recall test. A high proportion (67%) of the witnesses who had discussed the event mistakenly recalled items acquired during the discussion. Furthermore, a subsequent source monitoring test revealed that a majority of these witnesses (75%) were aware of the fact that they had acquired the mistakenly recalled items from their co-witnesses. These findings are discussed both from a theoretical and practical perspective
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| 7. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Cooperation in the give- or take-some (GOTS) game.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented In T. Gärling & A. Biel (Covenors) Interdependent decision making. Symposium conducted at the 28th international congress of psychology, Beijing, China..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of studies have shown that environmental uncertainty reduces cooperation in both Give-Some (GS) and Take-some (TS) games. A common feature of the GS and TS dilemmas is that environmental uncertainty is described as being determined exogenously. The aim of the present study is to investigate situations in which the environmental uncertainty is driven by forces of human behavior. To do so we we propose a new game that achieves this goal by looking at cases where people can either contribute to, or request from, the same common resource. We label this the Give- Or Take-Some (GOTS) game. Results showed high provision rates. This indicate, contrary to previous findings from GS and TS games, that environmental uncertainty stemming from lack of information about behavior of others does not reduce cooperation in the GOTS game
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| 8. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Eyewitness testimony: Tracing the beliefs of Swedish legal professionals
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 1st meeting of the Nordic Network for research on Psychology and Law, Oslo, Norway..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines beliefs held by Swedish legal professionals about eyewitness testimony. In a survey, including questions about 13 key issues of eyewitness testimony, three groups were investigated: police officers (n = 104), prosecutors (n = 158), and judges (n = 251). The response rate was 74%. Examples of findings are that the beliefs were in line with scientific findings concerning the weapon focus effect, but were not in line for the simultaneous vs. sequential lineups. Between-group differences were found for seven items. Judges were much more skeptical than police officers to the reliability and completeness of children’s testimonies. The groups seldomly agreed about one answer alternative, and they reported not being up-to-date about scientific research on eyewitness testimony. The results suggest that some important research findings have reached those working on the field. However, they hold many wrongful beliefs about eyewitness testimony, beliefs that might cause miscarriages of justice
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| 9. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Imprisoned knowledge: Criminals' beliefs about deception.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 2044-8333. ; 9, s. 103-119.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a survey examining beliefs about cues to deception held by prison inmates, prison personnel and students. In line with the ideas about more beneficial learning structures in the environment of criminals and findings from previous studies, we predicted that the beliefs held by prison inmates would be most consistent with the general pattern found in studies examining objective cues to deception. A total of 326 participants filled out a questionnaire containing questions about cues to deception. The sample consisted of 107 prison inmates from high-security prisons, 103 prison personnel and 116 students. Both between-group and within-group analyses were conducted. In line with previous surveys, students and prison personnel held stereotypical and wrongful beliefs about cues to deception. Prison inmates' beliefs about deception were less stereotypical than the beliefs of prison personnel and students.The results indicate that prison inmates have relatively more insight into the psychology of deception. A reasonable explanation for these findings is that the environment of criminals is beneficial in the sense that they receive more adequate outcome feedback than the other two groups. The results indicate that studying this group may generate useful knowledge about the dynamics of deception.
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| 10. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Police officers’ lie detection accuracy: Interrogating freely versus observing video
- 2004
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Ingår i: Police Quarterly. ; :7, s. 429-456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated experienced police officers’ (N = 30) lie detection accuracy. Each police officer conducted an interrogation of a college student acting as a suspect either guilty or innocent of a mock crime, and made a veracity judgment of the suspect. The police officers had the opportunity to conduct the interrogation in the manner of their own choice. The lie detection accuracy of these police officers was compared to that of police officers judging video-taped versions of the interrogations. The police officers failed to perform detect deception better than chance. There was no difference in accuracy between police officers interrogating live and observing video. The interrogators reported to rely on verbal content more when interrogating than when watching video. It seems as if police officers have a difficult time detecting deception not only in passive contexts but also in active ones
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