| 1. |
- Petersson, Jesper, 1974
(författare)
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Space and Time Configurations in Telemedicine
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sammanfattning: Denna licentiatavhandling är en socioteknisk och spatiotemporal studie av praktiserande av hälso‐ och sjukvård med hjälp av informations‐ och kommunikationsteknik (IKT), eller s k telemedicin. IKT förknippas ofta med möjligheten att överkomma tid och rum och tillåta åtkomst av sådant som finns någon annanstans. I den här rollen ses IKT ofta som ett instrument för att både höja kvalitet och effektivitet. Studiens utgångspunkt är dock att varken tid och rum eller kvalitet och effektivitet är fixerade enheter utan varierar med förändring av kontexten. Det första fallet studerar användandet av teleultrasonografi för fosterövervakning, d.v.s. ultraljud kopplat med möjligheten att elektroniskt transportera fosteravbildningen till olika expertcentra runtom i världen. Avhandlingen pekar på hur teleultrasonografi inte enbart kan förstås som en introduktion av ytterligare en teknisk applikation, i det här fallet för att överkomma geometrisk rymd och mekanisk tid, utan kommer att transformera aktörsroller. Särskild uppmärksammas möjliga förändringar i relationen mellan den gravida kvinnan och fostret när de blir möjliga att skilja åt genom virtualiseringen av fostret när ultrasonografi‐ och telemedicinapplikationer kopplas ihop. Studien bygger på textanalyser av vetenskapliga artiklar i internationella tidskrifter som behandlar sammankopplandet av telemedicin och ultraljud. Det andra fallet studerar olika svenska aktörer, såsom läkare, hälsoekonomer och policymakare, i deras försök att använda telemedicinapplikationer för att hantera tillgängligheten till sjukvård. Avhandlingen visar att beroende på t ex medicinsk praktik, platsen för försöken, vem som är ansvarig för projekten samt vilken innebörd ’avstånd’ ges i olika kontexter, så blir också praktiserandet av telemedicin skilda saker. Detta gör att området kan attrahera intresse från olika aktörer, men också att nationella aktörer som i telemedicin ser ett instrument för att omstrukturera svensk sjukvård upplever den som ’diffus’ och får svårigheter att styra utvecklingen i den riktning de önskar, t ex att skifta fokus från att överkomma geografiskt avstånd till att främja nya former av samarbeten inom hälso‐ och sjukvården. För att telemedicin ska kunna spela en ledande roll inom svensk hälso‐ och sjukvård är det därför nödvändigt för telemedicin att både vara anpassningsbar och heterogen, men också homogen och stabil; flytande såväl som fixerad. Det analyserade empiriska materialet består av en rad svenska aktörers publikationer om telemedicin och relaterade områden, t ex medicinska artiklar, policydokument, utvärderingar och rapporter.
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| 2. |
- Karlsson, Göran, 1954-
(författare)
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Learning science by digital technology : Students’ understanding of computer animated learning material
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Digital learning material is associated with grand expectations among educational policy makers. Several attempts to introduce this new technology with the purpose of enhancing learning have been made in recent years. The schooling system has, however, been rather hesitant and not so ready to adopt this kind of teaching aid. The aim of this thesis is to probe into students‘ practical problems of understanding computerised science learning material involving animated sequences and educational text. For the purpose of this investigation an application describing the different events in the carbon cycle was developed. Two studies present analyses of students‘ reasoning and actions when working collaboratively with the task of making a written account of what is illustrated in the learning material. Both studies present examples of identified phenomena that were observed in more extensive empirical materials. The data is represented by video recordings of students‘ interaction with each other and the interface. Results from the studies reveal students‘ propensity for concentrating their attention to prominent characteristics of the animated display and to describe the animated models in correspondence to their resemblance of objects and occurrences in everyday life. In study II it is revealed how students, when constructing a written report of the described events, derive noun phrases from attentionally detected objects in the animation and from the educational text. In their effort to express themselves in colloquial language, when preparing their report, they deliberately select verbs that differ from the educational text. These courses of action together, contribute to give the report on what happens in the process a non-scientific explanation. It is concluded that students, lacking definite access to the relevant subject matter knowledge, consequently, cannot judge whether they have given an approvable account or not. Findings from the studies show that the school context with its explicit stipulations of assignments and implicit request for expressing oneself in your own words frames the learning and creates conditions for how the technology is used and understood. The results indicate that animated models of scientific concepts risk inferring misconceptions if students are left on their own with interpreting information from the learning material. Despite the detected problems of students‘ interpretations of the described phenomena, the results indicate that animated learning material can proffer an exploitable resource in science education. Such a prospect is the ability of animation to engage students in discussions of the subject and to make them recognise otherwise unobservable phenomena.
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| 3. |
- Clemens, Franziska, 1981
(författare)
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Deception Detection and Suspect´s Counter-Interrogation Strategies
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Degree of Licentiate in Psychology Abstract Clemens, F. (2010). Deception Detection and Suspects' Counter-Interrogation Strategies. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden In legal settings correct discriminations between truthful and deceptive statements are of major importance. However, deception detection research shows that lay people, as well as presumed lie experts working within the legal field, rarely achieve accuracy rates above the level of chance. One reason for the low accuracy rates typically found is that differences in behaviour between truth tellers and liars are very subtle, and that there are very few reliable cues to deception. Trying to actively elicit cues to deception (via the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUB) technique) is a new approach that aims at making differences between truth tellers and liars more salient. In the current thesis the SUE-technique is tested for the first time on children acting as mock-suspects (Study 1). In addition, adult suspects' counterinterrogation strategies are investigated (Study 2). Stndy 1 consisted of two experiments. Experiment l focused on the elicitation of diagnostic cues to deception using two types of evidence disclosure techniques (i.e., late evidence disclosure (SUB-technique) vs. early evidence disclosure) when interviewing children (N = 84) who were either guilty or innocent of a mock crime. The results showed that deceptive children omitted significantly more crime-related information than truth-telling children. Furthermore, deceptive children's statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than were the truth-telling children' s statements and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. Experiment 2 exarnined to what extent the elicited cues helped receivers (N = 168) to assess the veracity of the children' s statements. The results showed an overall accuracy level of 59.5%, which was significantly above the level of chance. The observers in the late disclosure condition performed better than chance whereas the observers in the early condition did not. However, the difference between these two conditions in terms of accuracy was non-significant. Study 2 investigated guilty mock-suspects' (N = 90) counter-interrogation tactics with respect to the disclosure of possibly self-incriminating information. Specifically, the extent to which the disclosure of this information was moderated by (a) the suspects' criminal experience (nåive vs. experienced), and (b) the degree of suspicion directed towards the suspects (low vs. high). The results showed that experienced (vs. naive) suspects volunteered less self-incriminating information in an initial free recall phase. When asked crime-specific questions, experienced (vs. nåive) suspects admitted having committed less actions fitting with the crime under investigation. Furthermore, experienced suspects' willingness to report information was not affected by the degree of suspicion, whereas nåive suspects in the high-suspicion (vs. low-suspicion) condition were more willing to report information. This thesis presents research that deals with the active elicitation of diagnostic cues to deception by interrogating strategically with respect to the information at hand (Study l), and it exarnines suspects' counter-interrogation strategies (Study 2). Combining these two approaches is important in order to make deception detection assessments more reliable. Keywords: deception detection, interview techniques, strategic use of evidence, counterinterrogation tactics, degree of suspicion, criminal experience, guiIty suspects Franziska Clemens, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 500, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Phone:+46317861672, E-mail: franziska.clemens@psy.gu.se ISSN 1101-718X ISRN GUIPSYKlA VH--226--SE
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| 4. |
- Dewrang, Petra
(författare)
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Asperger syndrome: Early signs and slef-perception in adolescents and young adults
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Asperger syndrome: Early signs and self-perception in adolescents and young adults. Petra Dewrang Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 2010 ABSTRACT Dewrang, Petra (2010). Asperger syndrome: Early signs and self-perception in adolescents and young adults. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Asperger syndrome (AS) is considered to be a disorder within the autism spectrum and it is in most cases a lifelong disabiIity that affects life in an amount of aspects. It is primarily characterized by impairment in social interaction, restricted patterns of interests and behaviour, speech and language peculiarities, and non-verbal communication problems. In this thesis the overall aim was to investigate the specific behaviours in earl y childhood as assessed retrospectively by the parents and to explore self-perception and self-worth in the adolescents and young adults. The specific purpose of study I was to retrospectively explore the differences between a group of 23 adolescents and young aduIts with Asperger syndrome and a group of 13 typically developing comparison (C) individuals. The groups comprised 14-24-year-olds and the AS group was composed of 19 males and 4 females and the C group of 6 males and 7 females. A parental self-rating questionnaire, Symptoms of Autism Before the Age of 2 (SAB-2) was used and comprised seven fields: Contact and social activity, Responses to sensory perceptions, Communication and language/speech, Food/feeding and sleep, Play and fixations/rituals, Movements and motor skills, and Development and behaviour. An eighth field of possible Rarly suspicions was also a part of the questionnaire. The results showed a significant difference between the AS and the C groups in all the fields, primarily Food/feeding and sleep and Contact and social activity. It was also obvious that many parents were aware ofbehavioural anomalies already in infancy. In study II the specific purpose was to explore how young individuals with AS perceived themselves regarding self-understanding and self-worth compared to a C group of young individuals. The study comprised the same participants as in study I plus three more participants in the AS group and one participant fewer in the C group. The AS group showed lower rates of self-worth on a self-rating questionnaire (the I think I am scale) but not on a conversational interview (the Selfunderstanding interview) which instead revealed qualitatively different self-perceptions. A questionnaire for measuring anxiety/absence of anxiety was also used and showed no differences between the AS and the C groups. Keywords: Asperger syndrome, early diagnosis, parental concern, questionnaire, SAB-2, selfperception, self-understanding, self-worth
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| 5. |
- Georgsson, Anna, 1964
(författare)
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Barns upplevelser av sin situation och sitt mående när mamma varit utsatt för våld av sin partner
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the present thesis is to describe the consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) from the perspective of children. Being exposed IPV is a frightening experience that affects children’s development and wellbeing. Not all children, however, display symptoms, and differences connected to gender and age has been demonstrated. In this thesis three empirical studies that deal with children’s experiences of IPV are presented. Study I examines experiences of IPV from the perspective of children. Interviews with 14 children between 8 and 12 years old were analyzed using a thematic method. Three main themes were identified: how children talked about abuse of their mother, described their own actions, and related to or handled memories of violence. Most children confirmed that their mother had been the victim of abuse, but had difficulties describing these experiences. Narratives were often incoherent and difficult to fully understand. In contrast, most of the children seemed to find it easier to describe their own actions during violence and conflicts. Not thinking about IPV was a strategy aimed at reducing unwanted memories; a strategy that also might obstruct creating a narrative. Study II is an exploratory quantitative study, where children’s own reports of symptoms were used. The 41 recruited children, between 7 and 19 years old, were entered into a group program specially directed toward children with experiences of IPV. The children reported experiencing more symptoms overall compared with non-exposed children. The relationship to the abuser and children’s symptoms related differently for boys and for girls. Girls, who had continued contact with the abusive father, described more mental health problems than did other girls and more than did boys with continued contact. Among children with experiences of custody disputes or other judicial processes, age rather than gender was connected to differences in self-reported symptoms. Younger children with experiences of judicial processes reported more mental health problems than did those with no experience. Study III is a follow-up study, describing how children’s symptoms changed after participating in a support program for children with experiences of IPV. Of the 41 children in study II 32 also participated in the follow-up, an 21 children in one year follow-up. The children were positive to the program, but although symptoms had been reduced children still had emotional and behavioral problems in the one-year follow–up.
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| 6. |
- Grip, Karin, 1973
(författare)
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Våld och Trauma. Klientfokuserad utvärdering av behandling för våldsutsatta mammor och deras barn
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The general purpose of this thesis was to evaluate a community-based treatment program targeted for mothers subjected to intimate partner violence (IPV) and their children. In an open study the treatment program was evaluated with a repeated measure design. With a patient focused approach the program was analyzed according to its statistical-, practical- and clinical significance. Study I included 42 mothers. At the start of treatment the mothers displayed trauma symptoms and psychiatric symptoms in the clinical range. Furthermore, the mothers had a low sense of coherence and the measure of parental locus of control indicated a high level of resignation concerning child issues. Results based on group means indicated that the mothers showed significantly reduced trauma and psychiatric symptoms and improved their sense of coherence after participating in the program. Surprisingly, no improvement regarding perceived parental locus of control was found. When the results were analyzed with the reliable change index (RCI) at the individual level the treatment gains were more uncertain. Far from the majority of mothers within the clinical symptom range were improved or recovered. Study II examined the mother´s perceived effectiveness of the group treatment for their 46 children (5-14 years old) exposed to IPV. Initially, about half of the children displayed behavioral problems in the clinical range and the majority of children showed posttraumatic stress symptoms. Children´s behavioral problems were reduced significantly following the program and the higher the mother´s initial trauma symptoms the greater were the reduction in child behavioral problems. However, results analyzed at the individual level presented a more complex picture. The majority of children did not show individual changes beyond chance levels on the outcome measure used. The conclusions drawn from the studies concerned the importance of monitoring the treatment progress for each individual and to report results at the group as well as the individual level.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Josefsson, Torbjörn, 1965
(författare)
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Mindfullness and meditation experience in relation to attention performance and psychological well-being among meditators and non-meditators
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this research project was to study mindfulness and its relation to attention and psychological well-being. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the construct of mindfulness and the mental health benefits associated with mindfulness based programmes, the relation between mindfulness and its proposed core component, self-regulation of attention, was studied. In addition, the hypothesis that meditation practice improves the ability to be mindful in daily life which in turn promotes psychological well-being was also tested. Buddhist and Western mindfulness meditators were compared with non-meditators on tasks of sustained (SART) and executive attention (The Stroop Task). The relation between self-reported mindfulness (FFMQ) with regard to sustained and executive attention was analyzed as well as the relation between meditation experience, five mindfulness facets and psychological well-being. The results showed no significant differences between meditators and non-meditators either in sustained or executive attention. Mixed results were found regarding the relation between self-reported mindfulness and attention. Experienced meditators scored higher than non-meditators on all mindfulness facets except Describe, but when age and gender were controlled for there were significant differences only on two facets. The multiple mediation analysis showed that the five mindfulness facets completely mediated the relation between meditation experience and psychological well-being but no single facet contributed significantly. Simple mediation analyses indicated, however, that Non-React was the primary mediator. Significant directs effects of meditation experience were only found on Non-React and Observe, with a similar trend for Non-Judge, suggesting that these facets are the ones most strongly associated with mindfulness meditation practise. Meditators may have an increased awareness of internal processes and the ability to quickly attend to them but this type of refined attentional ability does not seem to be related to performance on attention tests requiring responses to external targets. The result from the multiple mediation analysis supports the notion that meditation experience is related to increased mindfulness, which in turn is associated with improved psychological well-being.
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| 9. |
- Karilampi, Ulla
(författare)
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Cognitive and Functional Subgroups in Scizophrenia
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The general aim of this thesis was to explore global and specific aspects of neurocognition in a clinically representative group of schizopsychotic patients, i.e. patients with schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders, in comparison with a population of matched healthy volunteers. In Study I, 196 schizopsychotic outpatients were combined with 196 healthy volunteers into one single group, which was then divided into three subgroups of verbal learning performance based on their scores on a verbal learning test. MANOVA and discriminant function analysis were used to analyze and compare neurocognitive test profiles related to different levels of verbal learning performance among schizopsychotic patients and healthy volunteers, in order to identify the major predictors of category assignment. The results showed working memory to be related to verbal learning on all three levels of verbal learning performance and vocabulary to be related to verbal learning for the better performing patients. The study showed that despite similar capacity in verbal learning, working memory and vocabulary, the better performing schizopsychotic patients did not perform on an overall level equal to the healthy volunteers. This finding indicates retarded visuomotor processing speed, which has been suggested to be a generalised characteristic of the schizophrenic process. In Study II, the relationship between neurocognitive test performance and global assessment of functioning was studied in 195 schizopsychotic outpatients that were assigned to functional groups on the basis of their sex. A global cognition score was created based on previously presented area-under-the-curve values. Global cognition was best predicted by GAF Symptom levels in the female schizopsychotic patients, and by GAF function levels in the male patients. There was also a gender-specific difference in the neurocognitive components, indicating that executive functioning may have a greater impact on the symptom and function profiles of schizopsychotic males than on schizopsychotic females. The eventual contributions of different mediating variables are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Nordmarker, Anki, 1964
(författare)
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Frustration as motivation. Vandalism:constructive or destructive behavior
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DEGREE OF LICENTIATE IN PSYCHOLOGY Correspondence: Anki Nordmarker, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden. Phone: +46(0)54 – 700 1000 E-mail: Anki.Nordmarker@kau.se ISSN 1101-718X ISRN GU/PSYK/AVH-234--SE Abstract Nordmarker, A. (2010). Frustration as motivation. Vandalism: Constructive or destructive behavior. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. These present investigations are a first step in achieving a deeper understanding of the psychology of vandalism, focusing on the individual’s motivations, feelings, triggering and releasing factors, and presumed and realistic outcome of the process. The aim of these two experimental studies is to find out in which way alcohol and frustration influence ordinary young adults to act destructively and/or in a vandalistic manner within a laboratory setting and whether or not gender differences are notable. In other words: are alcohol and/or frustration triggering factors in vandalistic behavior? For this thesis an ancillary question was established: is it possible to explain the results of these studies by using The Equity Control Model? The theoretical overview showed that vandalism in general is motivated by negative feelings such as frustration, anger, boredom and revenge, but also that it is motivated by curiosity, playfulness and pleasure. Factors such as peer-group pressure, creativity and communication are also to be taken into account. About 85-95 % of all vandalistic acts are perpetrated by males; vandalism reaches its peak in middle adolescence and alcohol is a frequent variable in vandalistic behavior. One of the most common forms of vandalism today is TTP-graffiti (tags, throw-ups and pieces) but there are discrepant viewpoints about whether graffiti is vandalism or art. Studies show that people involved in graffiti have interests in art, demonstrate a desire for attention, respect and status and that graffiti is about talent, skills, competition, pride and pleasure. About 90-95 % of all graffitists are male, mostly between the ages of 12 and 20, with peak frequency years between the ages of 14 and 16. According to The Equity Control Model of Vandalism, the underlying motive in most vandalistic acts is perceived inequity, and variables involved are: control, environment, group variables, societal reactions and terms of equity restoration. The main findings of the two experimental studies showed that. (a) alcohol and frustration in combination are triggering factors and increase the opportunity for vandalism to occur, (b) only alcohol or only frustration do not give an increased effect, (c) scrawlinggraffiti correlates with destruction, aggression and sexuality, (d) scrawling-graffiti does not correlate with creativity measured as elaboration, (e)women expressed higher degrees of scrawling-graffiti, destruction and elaboration when compared with men in the laboratory setting . These findings represent a small step toward reaching a deeper understanding of the psychology of vandalism. The Equity Control Model helps understanding the complexity of variables involved in a vandalistic act such as motivational factors (perceived inequity), moderating factors (degree of control), secondary moderating factors (group presence, architectural features), equity restoration by action (actual equity or psychological equity), societal reactions (favorable or unfavorable), and terms of perceived equity (higher or lower potential) that might lead to further vandalistic or other antisocial behavior. Keywords: vandalism, graffiti, juvenile delinquency, alcohol, frustration, creativity, destructiveness, the equity control model of vandalism
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