| 1. |
- Andrich, David, et al.
(författare)
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Real and artificial differential item functioning
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of educational and behavioral statistics. - : American Educational Research Association (AERA). - 1076-9986 .- 1935-1054. ; 37:3, s. 387-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The literature in modern test theory on procedures for identifying items with differential item functioning (DIF) among two groups of persons includes the Mantel–Haenszel (MH) procedure. Generally, it is not recognized explicitly that if there is real DIF in some items which favor one group, then as an artifact of this procedure, artificial DIF that favors the other group is induced in the other items. Using the Rasch model for dichotomous responses as a theoretical basis, this article proves that the source of artificial DIF in the MH procedure is that estimates of the person locations are substituted for their unknown values. The article then demonstrates that the formalization of artificial DIF implies mathematically (a) a particular sequential, iterative procedure for detecting items with real DIF and for identifying a set of items that may have no DIF and (b) a resolution of the items with real DIF for quantifying the DIF on the same metric as the items showing no DIF and provides expected value curves and tests of fit for the item for each of the groups. Finally, because the source of artificial DIF in the MH procedure is the substitution of a parameter with its estimate, it is suggested that all procedures that use the substitution of an estimate for a parameter are likely to induce artificial DIF.
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| 2. |
- Andrich, David, et al.
(författare)
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Real and Artificial Differential Item Functioning in Polytomous Items
- 2015
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Ingår i: Educational and Psychological Measurement. - SAGE Publications : SAGE Publications. - 0013-1644 .- 1552-3888. ; 75:2, s. 185-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differential item functioning (DIF) for an item between two groups is present if, for the same person location on a variable, persons from different groups have different expected values for their responses. Applying only to dichotomously scored items in the popular Mantel–Haenszel (MH) method for detecting DIF in which persons are classified by their total scores on an instrument, Andrich and Hagquist articulated the concept of artificial DIF and showed that as an artifact of the MH method, real DIF in one item favoring one group inevitably induces artificial DIF favoring the other group in all other items. Using the dichotomous Rasch model in which the total score for a person is a sufficient statistic, and therefore justifies classifying persons by their total scores, Andrich and Hagquist showed that to distinguish between real and artificial DIF in an item identified by the MH method, a sequential procedure for resolving items is implied. Using the polytomous Rasch model, this article generalizes the concept of artificial DIF to polytomous items, in which multiple item parameters play a role. The article shows that the same principle of resolving items sequentially as with dichotomous items applies also to distinguishing between real and artificial DIF with polytomous items. A real example and a small simulated example that parallels the real example are used illustratively.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Beckman, Linda, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Disability in Relation to Different Peer-Victimization Groups and Psychosomatic Problems
- 2016
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Ingår i: Children & Schools. - : Oxford University Press. - 1532-8759 .- 1545-682X. ; 38:3, s. 153-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between disability, victims, perpetrators, and so-called "bully-victims" (someone reporting being both a victim and a perpetrator) of traditional, cyber, or combined victimization or perpetration and psychosomatic health among adolescents. Authors analyzed cross-sectional data from 3,820 Swedish students (ages 13 through 15) using linear and multinomial regression. The results show that students with a disability were more likely to be bully-victims and, more particularly, involved in both traditional and cyber victimization. Authors did not find any differences between adolescents with a disability and others with respect to the association between peer victimization and psychosomatic health. When developing intervention programs, schools may take a comprehensive approach due to the relatively large overlap between traditional and cyber victimization. Targeting groups with known disadvantages may also help reach out to bully-victims.
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| 6. |
- Beckman, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Discrepant gender patterns for cyberbullying and traditional bullying : An analysis of Swedish adolescent data
- 2013
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Ingår i: Computers in human behavior. - : Elsevier. - 0747-5632 .- 1873-7692. ; 29:5, s. 1896-1903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the wake of the rapid development of modern IT technology, cyberspace bullying has emerged among adolescents. The aim of the present study was to examine gender differences among adolescents involved in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Cross-sectional data from 2989 Swedish students aged 13–15 were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The results show discrepant gender patterns of involvement in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. First, although there were only minimal gender differences among traditional victims, girls are more likely than boys to be cybervictims when occasional cyberbullying is used as a cut-off point. Second, whereas boys are more likely to be traditional bullies, girls are as likely as boys to be cyberbullies. In conclusion, compared to traditional bullying, girls are generally more involved in cyberbullying relative to boys. We discuss these results in the light of adolescents’ usage of computerized devices.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Beckman, Linda, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Does the association with psychosomatic health problems differ between cyberbullying and traditional bullying?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1363-2752 .- 1741-2692. ; 17:3-4, s. 421-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The association between mental health problems and traditional bullying is well known,whereas the strength of the association in cyberbullying is less known. This study aimedto compare the association between mutually exclusive groups of bullying involvementand psychosomatic problems as measured by the PsychoSomatic Problems scale. Thesample comprised 3820 students (13–16 years old) in Sweden. The results indicate anassociation between bullying and psychosomatic problems, regardless of type of bullyinginvolvement. No statistically significant differences in psychosomatic problemswere found between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, either for victims or forbullies. The results do not confirm the hypothesis that the association between bullyingand mental health is stronger for cyberbullying than for traditional bullying. Anotherimportant finding is that cyberbullies seem as likely as cybervictims to be at risk formental health problems.
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| 9. |
- Beckman, Linda, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Hur mår barn och ungdomar i Sverige? : Analys av den officiella bilden, mediebilden och bilden från forskningen
- 2010
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- De senaste 20 åren har den det blivit vanligt att tidningsrubriker möter oss med ”Larmrapporter” om ungas psykiska ohälsa. Frågorna har fått allt större utrymme i samhällsdebatten både medialt och politiskt. I folkhälsopropositionen från 2008 framhålls det att barn och ungdomar är en av de viktigaste målgrupperna och psykisk hälsa ett av de mest angelägna satsningsområdena inom folkhälsopolitiken. Föreliggande rapport tar sin utgångspunkt i en till synes generell uppfattning om att barn och unga mår allt sämre psykiskt. Här presenteras och beskrivs den bild som förmedlas av ohälsan och hur förändringen över tid sett ut. Tre samhälliga aktörer; Riksdag, regering och de myndigheter som arbetar med dessa frågor, dagspress och forskning analyseras utifrån deras ställningstagande till barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa med avseende på trender, sociodemografiska samt regionala skillnader, och vilka källor detta kommer ifrån. Underlaget till analysen med avseende på den mediala bilden har samlats in genom en systematisk genomgång av tidningsartiklar från åren 1988 till 2008 via två elektroniska databaser. Den officiella bilden har beskrivits utifrån olika dokument från myndigheter. För att få underlag till forskningen har vetenskapligt publicerade artiklar, epidemiologiska studier och så kallad ”grå litteratur” använts. Resultatet visar att överensstämmelsen mellan den officiella bilden, mediebilden och bilden från forskningen är påfallande stor, men att bilderna är långt ifrån identiska. Källorna som används visar sig återkomma och tenderar att cirkulera runt bland aktörerna. Resultatet visade också att flickor och unga kvinnor var de grupper som belyses mest, oavsett år. Etnicitet och regionala skillnader diskuteras i princip inte över huvud taget. Underlaget från forskningen har visat sig vara mycket tunt och det råder brist på epidemiologiska data. Dock pekar mycket på att svenska ungdomar i det stora hela mår bra men att självupplevd stress och psykisk ohälsa blivit vanligare särskilt bland flickor och unga kvinnor. Det är viktigt att reflektera över begrepp och uttryck i mätningar som jämförs över ett 20-års perspektiv - hur tidsbundna är dessa och överensstämmer innebörden, över en tidslinje på tjugo år? Vare sig medias bilder eller de officiella bilderna kan påstås vara fabricerade konstruktioner, utan baseras mer eller mindre på rapporter som forskare och utredare publicerat. Omvänt kan sägas att den officiella bilden och mediebilden också kan antas spegla det som inte publicerats liksom de svarta hålen i forskningen.
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| 10. |
- Beckman, Linda, Docent, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between Eczema and Self-reported Difficulties Keeping up with School Education : A Cross-sectional Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. - : Medical Journals Sweden. - 0001-5555 .- 1651-2057. ; 103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eczema is a common chronic disease that affects both children and adults, and may have an adverse impact on school performance, as it is characteristically pruri-tic, and hence may lead to poor concentration and ina-dequate sleep. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between eczema and self-reported difficulties keeping up with school education. The study was based on cross-sectional questionnaire data collec-ted in schools among all 9th graders (15–16 years old) within a Swedish county. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between having eczema and self-reported difficulties keeping up with school education. A total of 2,620 pupils participated (50.1% female). An increased odds ratio (OR) of self-reported difficulties keeping up with school education was found in adolescents with eczema compared with those without eczema after adjustment for sex and family residence (OR 2.13, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.32–3.44), and with additional adjustment for sleeping problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, allergy, rhinitis, asthma, and alcohol con-sumption (adjusted OR 1.78, CI 1.05–3.00). Eczema may be a relevant risk factor for difficulty keeping up with school education in adolescents. However, studies that can assess temporality, based in different settings with objective reports of both eczema and self-reported difficulties at school, are needed to con-firm these findings.
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