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| 2. |
- Arabi, Azadeh
(författare)
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Regulation of the ribosomal RNA transcription by c-MYC oncoprotein
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transcription factor c-Myc is a key regulator of growth and proliferation. c-Myc levels are tightly controlled and deregulated c-Myc is often associated with human cancers. In our initial studies we observed that upon inhibition of proteasomes, excess c-Myc accumulates primarily in the nucleoli. After further investigation we could show that c-Myc binds to and activates RNA polymerase I-mediated transcription of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes located in the nucleoli and that proteasomes are involved in this process. We demonstrate that upon an increase in c-Myc levels through either inhibition of the proteasomes or high expression, c-Myc accumulates in the nucleoli. The dynamics of the nucleoplasmic and the nucleolar c-Myc was studied in living cells expressing GFP-fused cMyc using the Fluorescent loss in photo-bleaching and the Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching techniques. We show that c-Myc is relatively stably associated with the nucleoli. In addition, we show that proteasomes accumulate and co-localise with nucleolar c-Myc. We further investigate the function of c-Myc in the nucleoli and show that c-Myc and Max interact in the nucleoli and are associated with the ribosomal DNA. Upon mitogenic stimulation of quiescent human lymphocytes c-Myc is recruited to the rRNA genes together with pol I. Association of c-Myc with the rDNA is also accompanied by an increase in rDNA histone acetylation and activation of rRNA transcription. Inhibition of c-Myc inhibits rRNA transcription. These results suggest that c-Myc plays a key role in regulating ribosome biogenesis and thus cell growth. We also show that proteasomes are required for activation of rRNA transcription, even though c-Myc levels increase in response to reduced proteasome activity. The role of proteasomes in rDNA transcription remains to be determined. We also investigate the role of c-Myc in regulation of the nucleolar organisation and induction of nucleolar alterations in cancer cells. Several types of human cancers with nucleolar alterations including cancers of blood, prostate and breast are also associated with deregulated levels of c-Myc. However, it is not known whether c-Myc contributes to the induction of nucleolar changes in these cancers. We show that despite high levels, c-Myc does not accumulate in the nucleoli in lymphoma and breast cancer cell lines. This is intriguing since nucleolar accumulation of excess c-Myc in other cell lines is associated with inhibition of rRNA transcription.
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| 3. |
- Archer, Amena, et al.
(författare)
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Transcriptional activity and developmental expression of liver X receptor (lxr) in zebrafish
- 2008
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Ingår i: Developmental Dynamics. - : Wiley. - 1058-8388 .- 1097-0177. ; 237:4, s. 1090-1098
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mammalian liver-X-receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors activated by oxysterols. They play an essential role in lipid and glucose metabolism. We have cloned the open reading frame of zebrafish lxr and describe its genomic organization. Zebrafish lxr encodes a 50-kDa protein with high sequence similarity to mammalian LXR alpha. In transfection assays, the encoded protein showed transcriptional activity in response to LXR-ligands. Treatment of adult zebrafish with the synthetic LXR ligand, GW3965, induced expression of genes involved in hepatic cholesterol and lipid pathways. Using qPCR and in situ hybridization, we found ubiquitous expression of lxr mRNA during the first 24 hr of development, followed by more restricted expression, particularly to the liver at 3dpf and the liver and intestine at 4dpf. In adult fish, all examined organs expressed lxr. In addition to a metabolic role of lxr, the temporal expression pattern suggests a developmental role in, e.g., the liver and CNS.
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| 4. |
- Balogun, Halima A., et al.
(författare)
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Immunogenicity and antigenic properties of Pf332-C231, a fragment of a non-repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf332
- 2009
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 28:1, s. 90-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antigen Pf332, a megadalton protein has been shown to be associated with the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Detailed functional studies on the antigen have remained hampered by the cross-reactive nature of antibodies generated to Pf332. Pf332-C231, identified in the C-terminal region of Pf332 was cloned and antibodies against the C231 fragment were shown to react with intact Pf332 antigen by both immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses. Antibodies to C231 inhibited in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth efficiently. In addition, human sera from malaria-exposed individuals reacted with recombinant C231. We show that Pf332-C231 represents a functional domain and is expected to facilitate further studies on Pf332 as a potential target for protective immune responses and the function of the antigen.
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| 5. |
- Bayne, Elizabeth H., et al.
(författare)
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Splicing factors facilitate RNAi-directed silencing in fission yeast
- 2008
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 322:5901, s. 602-606
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heterochromatin formation at fission yeast centromeres is directed by RNA interference (RNAi). Noncoding transcripts derived from centromeric repeats are processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that direct the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) effector complex to engage centromer transcripts, resulting in recruitment of the histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase Clr4, and hence silencing. We have found that defects in specific splicing factors, but not splicing itself, affect the generation of centromeric siRNAs and consequently centromeric heterochromatin integrity. Moreover, splicing factors physically associate with Cid12, a component of the RNAi machinery, and with centromeric chromatin, consistent with a direct role in RNAi. We propose that spliceosomal complexes provide a platform for siRNA generation and hence facilitate effective centromere repeat silencing.
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| 7. |
- Bernard, Pascal, et al.
(författare)
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Cell-cycle regulation of cohesin stability along fission yeast chromosomes
- 2008
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Ingår i: EMBO Journal. - : Wiley. - 0261-4189 .- 1460-2075. ; 27:1, s. 111-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by cohesin, but the process of cohesion establishment during S-phase is still enigmatic. In mammalian cells, cohesin binding to chromatin is dynamic in G1, but becomes stabilized during S-phase. Whether the regulation of cohesin stability is integral to the process of cohesion establishment is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that fission yeast cohesin also displays dynamic behavior. Cohesin association with G1 chromosomes requires continued activity of the cohesin loader Mis4/Ssl3, suggesting that repeated loading cycles maintain cohesin binding. Cohesin instability in G1 depends on wpl1, the fission yeast ortholog of mammalian Wapl, suggestive of a conserved mechanism that controls cohesin stability on chromosomes. wpl1 is nonessential, indicating that a change in wpl1-dependent cohesin dynamics is dispensable for cohesion establishment. Instead, we find that cohesin stability increases at the time of S-phase in a reaction that can be uncoupled from DNA replication. Hence, cohesin stabilization might be a pre-requisite for cohesion establishment rather than its consequence.
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| 8. |
- Beskow, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative analysis of regulatory transcription factors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and budding yeasts
- 2006
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Ingår i: Yeast. - : Wiley. - 0749-503X .- 1097-0061. ; 23:13, s. 929-935
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regulatory transcription factors (rTFs), which bind specific DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of genes and subsequently activate or repress transcription, play a central role in programming genomic expression. The number of rTFs in a species might therefore reflect its functional complexity. For simple organisms like yeast, a relatively small number of rTFs might be expected that is fairly constant between yeast species. We show that the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains 201 rTfs, which is one of the largest rTF numbers found in yeast species for which genome sequences are available. This is a much higher number than the 129 rTFs found in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which is currently the yeast with the lowest number of rTFs. Comparative analysis of several different budding yeast species shows that most of the 'extra' rTFs found in S. cerevisiae were probably acquired as a result of a whole genome duplication (WGD) event that occurred in an ancestor of a subset of budding yeast species. However, we also show that budding yeast species that have not been affected by the WGD contain a greater number of rTFs than S. pombe (mean = 145). Thus, two or more mechanisms have led to the 60% increase in rTFs in S. cerevisiae compared to S. pombe. This difference may correlate with a more extensive functional divergence in budding yeasts compared to fission yeasts. The relatively small number of rTFs in S. pombe make this organism an attractive model for global studies of mechanisms that programme gene expression.
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| 9. |
- Björk, Malin
(författare)
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Synthesis of sulfur and selenium heterocycles, including derivatives of imidazopyridine and benzimidazole
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chemistry developed in this thesis can be divided into two parts. The first part, which is the major part of the thesis, contains syntheses towards analogues to mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in e.g. meat fried at high temperatures. The second part concentrates on the palladium-(0)catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 4- and 5-substituted 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazoles. The heterocyclic amines described can be divided into the linear and the angular compounds. Five linear imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines were synthesised via the Friedländer reaction: 2-amino-1 - methylbenzothieno[2,3-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-1-methy-benzothieno [3,2-e] imidazo[4,5-b] pyridine, 2-amino-1-methylthieno[2,3-elimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine, 2-amino-1methylthieno[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and the sulfur analogue to the cooked-food mutagen IFP, 2-amino- 1,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. Attempts were made to form three thienoimidazo[4,5-b]pyridines via stepwise condensation. The first condensation between creatinine and 2-nitro-3-thiophene-carbaldehyde, 3-amino-2thiophenecarbaldehyde and 4-azido3-thiophenecarbaldehyde yielded thenylidenomethyleneimidazolinones, but only one of these gave the ring closed compound 2-amino-1-methylthieno[2,3-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine by a second condensation. In addition, 2-amino- 1 methyl benzoth ieno[3,2-e] imidazo[4,5 -b] pyridine was transformed into the 2-nitro- and 2-hydroxy derivative. The last linear isomer 2-amino-1methylimidazo[4,5-b]benzothiophene, was synthesized by a different route. The series of angular compounds are considered analogues to the food-mutagen IQx. A series of six homologues of 7-amino-imidazo[4,5-e]-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazoles. Four ring systems were obtained by treating 4-methylamino-3-nitro-phenylenedianmine with a range of biselectrophiles, namely: 2-amino-1-methylbenzo-thiadiazole, -triazole, -diazepinone and 2amino1-methylimidazobenzimidazole. Among the palladium-(0)-catalyzed cros s- couplings, the Suzuki, Stille, Fleck and Sonogashira reactions were used. These were applied to 4-, or 5-bromo-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazoles. In addition, the 4- and 5-trimethyltin-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole were synthesized.
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| 10. |
- Blacque, O E, et al.
(författare)
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Functional genomics of the cilium, a sensory organelle
- 2005
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 15:10, s. 935-941
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cilia and flagella play important roles in many physiological processes, including cell and fluid movement, sensory perception, and development [1]. The biogenesis and maintenance of cilia depend on intraflagellar transport (IFT), a motility process that operates bidirectionally along the ciliary axoneme [1, 2]. Disruption in IFT and cilia function causes several human disorders, including polycystic kidneys, retinal dystrophy, neurosensory impairment, and Bardet-Bledl syndrome (BBS) [3-5]. To uncover new ciliary components, including IFT proteins, we compared C. elegans ciliated neuronal and nonciliated cells through serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and screened for genes potentially regulated by the cillogenic transcription factor, DAF-19 [6]. Using these complementary approaches, we identified numerous candidate ciliary genes and confirmed the ciliated-cell-specific expression of 14 novel genes. One of these, C27H5.7a, encodes a ciliary protein that undergoes IFT. As with other IFT proteins, its ciliary localization and transport is disrupted by mutations in IFT and bbs genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ciliary structural defect of C. elegans dyf-13(mn396) mutants is caused by a mutation in C27H5.7a. Together, our findings help define a ciliary transcriptome and suggest that DYF-13, an evolutionarily conserved protein, is a novel core IFT component required for cilia function.
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