| 1. |
- Björk, Emma M., 1981-
(författare)
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Mesoporous Building Blocks : Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Silica Particles and Films
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Catalyst supports, drug delivery systems, hosts for nanoparticles, and solar cells are just some examples of the wide range of exciting applications for mesoporous silica. In order to optimize the performance of a specific application, controlling the material’s morphology and pore size is crucial. For example, short and separated particles are beneficial for drug delivery systems, while for molecular sieves, the pore size is the key parameter.In this thesis, mesoporous silica building blocks, crystallites, with hexagonally ordered cylindrical pores were synthesized, with the aim to understand how the synthesis parameters affect the particle morphology and pore size. The synthesis of the particles is performed using a sol-gel process, and in order to increase the pore size, a combination of low temperature, and additions of heptane and NH4F was used. By variations in the amounts of reagents, as well as other synthesis conditions, the particle morphology and pore size could be altered. Separated particles were also grown on or attached to substrates to form films. Also, a material with spherical pore structure was synthesized, for the first time using this method.It was found that a variation in the heptane concentration, in combination with a long stirring time, yields a transition between fiber and sheet morphologies. Both morphologies consist of crystallites, which for the fibers are joined end to end, while for the sheets they are attached side by side such that the pores are accessible from the sheet surface. The crystallites can be separated to a rod morphology by decreasing the stirring time and tuning the HCl concentration, and it was seen that these rods are formed within 5 min of static time, even though the pore size and unit cell parameters were evolving for another 30 min. Further studies of the effects of heptane showed that the shape and mesoscopic parameters of the rods are affected by the heptane concentration, up to a value where the micelles are fully saturated with heptane. It was also observed that the particle width increases with decreasing NH4F concentration, independent of heptane amount, and a platelet morphology can be formed. The formation time of the particles decrease with decreasing NH4F, and the growth mechanism for platelets was further studied. The pore sizes for various morphologies were altered by e.g. variations in the hydrothermal treatment conditions, or the method for removing the surfactants.The separated particles can be attached to substrates, either during the particle synthesis or by post grafting prior to calcination. The film formation during the one-pot-synthesis was studied and a formation mechanism including nucleation of elongated micelles on the substrate was suggested. During the post grafting film synthesis, the medium in which the particles are dispersed, as well as functionalization of both particle and substrate are crucial for the post grafting process. The pores are easily accessible independent of the method, even though they are aligned parallel to the substrate when the one-pot-method is used, while post grafting gives a perpendicular pore orientation.In summary, this work aims to give an understanding for the formation of the synthesized material, and how to tune the material properties by alterations in parameter space. Successful syntheses of four different particle morphologies and two new types of films were performed, and the pore size could easily be tuned by various methods.
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| 2. |
- Abrikosov, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Phase Stability and Elasticity of TiAlN
- 2011
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI. - 1996-1944. ; 4:9, s. 1599-1618
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review results of recent combined theoretical and experimental studies of Ti1−xAlxN, an archetypical alloy system material for hard-coating applications. Theoretical simulations of lattice parameters, mixing enthalpies, and elastic properties are presented. Calculated phase diagrams at ambient pressure, as well as at pressure of 10 GPa, show a wide miscibility gap and broad region of compositions and temperatures where the spinodal decomposition takes place. The strong dependence of the elastic properties and sound wave anisotropy on the Al-content offers detailed understanding of the spinodal decomposition and age hardening in Ti1−xAlxN alloy films and multilayers. TiAlN/TiN multilayers can further improve the hardness and thermal stability compared to TiAlN since they offer means to influence the kinetics of the favorable spinodal decomposition and suppress the detrimental transformation to w-AlN. Here, we show that a 100 degree improvement in terms of w-AlN suppression can be achieved, which is of importance when the coating is used as a protective coating on metal cutting inserts.
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| 3. |
- Alling, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1−xAlxN
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 95:181906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of pressure on the phase stabilities of Ti1−xAlxN solid solutions has been studied using first principles calculations. We find that the application of hydrostatic pressure enhances the tendency for isostructural decomposition, including spinodal decomposition. The effect originates in the gradual pressure stabilization of cubic AlN with respect to the wurtzite structure and an increased isostructural cubic mixing enthalpy with increased pressure. The influence is sufficiently strong in the composition-temperature interval corresponding to a shoulder of the spinodal line that it could impact the stability of the material at pressures achievable in the tool-work piece contact during cutting operations
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| 4. |
- Almer, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural evolution during tempering of arc-evaporated Cr-N coatings
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 18:1, s. 121-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cr-N coatings were arc-deposited at 50 and 300 V. The changes in the coating microstructure and phase content during tempering were monitored. As a result, the phase stability and activation energies for defect diffusion were determined as a function of ion energy.
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| 5. |
- Almer, J, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure and thermal stability of arc-evaporated Cr-C-N coatings
- 2004
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Ingår i: Philosophical Magazine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1478-6435 .- 1478-6443. ; 84:7, s. 611-630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of C incorporation in the microstructure and thermal stability of arc-evaporated Cr-C-N coatings is explored via reactive growth in a mixed C2H4-N2 environment. C is found to react more readily than N at both the Cr cathode and the coating surfaces, so that a C2H4-to-N2 flow ratio of only 1% yields a C-to-N ratio of approximately 10% within the coatings. The as-deposited microstructures consist primarily of the δ-Cr(C, N) phase and possess high compressive residual stresses, which decrease with increasing C content. Post-deposition annealing up to 700°C results in depletion of lattice defects, and concomitant reductions in stress and coating hardness, together with phase transformations which suggest metastable phase formation during growth. Apparent activation energies for this lattice defect are found to be in the range expected for bulk diffusion of N and C (2.4-2.8 eV). The results suggest that inclusion of small amounts of C in this system offers the ability to reduce internal stresses while maintaining defect-related hardness increases, permitting growth of thicker and thus more wear-resistant coatings.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Almer, J, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure, stress and mechanical properties of arc-evaporated Cr-C-N coatings
- 2001
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 385:1-2, s. 190-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationships between coating microstructure and properties in the Cr-C-N system have been investigated as a function of composition and post-deposition annealing. Coatings of varying compositions were grown using arc-evaporation, by varying the reactive gas flow ratio fR = f(C2H4)/f(N2) from 0 to 0.2, and were found to consist primarily of the cubic d-Cr(C,N) phase. Changes in both the unstressed lattice parameter, ao, and X-ray diffraction background intensity indicate that both the carbon concentration within the d-phase and amorphous/crystalline content increases with fR. Increasing fR also decreases the magnitude of the compressive biaxial residual stress, from approximately 6 to 1 GPa, while increasing both the inhomogeneous stress and thermal stability. The elastic modulus and hardness of as-deposited coatings were determined from nanoindentation to be 320 and 23 GPa, respectively, for moderate carbon concentrations (fR=0.05). Concurrent variations in microstructure and hardness with post-deposition annealing indicate that the as-deposited hardness is significantly enhanced by the microstructure, primarily by lattice defects and related stresses (microstresses) rather than average stresses (macrostresses).
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| 8. |
- Almer, J., et al.
(författare)
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Strain and texture analysis of coatings using high-energy x-rays
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 94:1, s. 697-702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the internal strain and crystallographic orientation (texture) in physical-vapor deposited metal nitride coatings of TiN and CrN. A high-energy diffraction technique is presented that uses synchrotron x rays and an area detector, and which allows the strain and intensity distributions of multiple crystallographic planes to be measured by a single x-ray exposure. Unique texture states and nonlinear sin2 strain distributions are observed for all coatings investigated. Quantitative analysis indicates that existing micromechanical models can reasonably predict strain and corresponding stress for mixed-hkl reflections but are inadequate for fully describing measured data. Alternative mechanisms involving deposition-induced defects are proposed
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| 9. |
- Amini, Shahram, et al.
(författare)
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On the Stability of Mg Nanograins to Coarsening after Repeated Melting
- 2009
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Ingår i: NANO LETTERS. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 9:8, s. 3082-3086
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein we report on the extraordinary thermal stability of similar to 35 nm Mg-nanograins that constitute the matrix of a Ti2AlC-Mg composite that has previously been shown to have excellent mechanical properties. The microstructure is so stable that heating the composite three times to 700 degrees C, which is 50 degrees C over the melting point of Mg, not only resulted in the repeated melting of the Mg, but surprisingly and within the resolution of our differential scanning calorimeter, did not lead to any coarsening. The reduction in the Mg melting point due to the nanograins was similar to 50 degrees C. X-ray diffraction and neutron spectroscopy results suggest that thin, amorphous, and/or poorly crystallized rutile, anatase, and/or magnesia layers separate the Mg nanograins and prevent them from coarsening. Clearly that layer is thin enough, and thus mechanically robust enough, to survive the melting and solidification stresses encountered during cycling. Annealing in hydrogen at 250 degrees C for 20 h, also did not seem to alter the grain size significantly.
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| 10. |
- Antti, Marta-Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and phase development in the Ct-Al-N system
- 2009
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Ingår i: Mechanical properties and processing of ceramic binary, ternary and composite systems. - Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470344927 ; , s. 3-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ternary nitride system Cr-Al-N has been investigated by sintering different powder compositions. The powder compositions belong to four groups, AIN- + Cr-powder (5 compositions between 20-90 molar% AlN), Al- + Cr 2N-powder (5 compositions between 15-80 molar% Cr2N), AlN-+ Cr2N-powder (50- and 90 molar% Cr2N) and Al- + Cr-powder. The powders were dry mixed and pressed into pellets by uniaxial pressing followed by cold isostatic pressing (ClP). Sintering took place in a graphite lined reaction bonding furnace under nitrogen atmosphere at three different temperatures, 1350°C, 1500°C and 1800°C and in an alumina tube furnace in order to avoid access to carbon. Holding times were varied, from 2 hours up to 72 hours. The phase development was evaluated by thermal analysis and XRD. CrAlN was formed at 1350°C but decomposed at higher temperatures. Both pure Al and Cr-powder were prone to react with carbon in the graphite furnace. Thermal analysis showed a sublimation of Cr2N at temperatures around 1050°C and nitridation of pure Al-powder between 680-750°C and of pure Cr-powder between 610-1080°C. Samples with pure Al-powder showed a very large expansion due to melting of aluminium in combination with nitridation. AIN was found to be more stable than Cr 2N at higher temperatures and longer holding times. The mixtures of Al-+Cr-powder produced an intermediate Al-Cr-phase.
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