| 1. |
- Ah Shenga, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Log sawing positioning optimization and log bucking of tropical hardwood species to increase the volume yield
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 12:4, s. 257-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sawmill industry is a very important link in the Mozambique forest products value chain, but the industry is characterized by undeveloped processing technology and high-volume export of almost unrefined logs. The low volume yield of sawn timber has been identified as a critical gap in the technological development of the industry. To improve the profitability of the industry, there is thus a need to develop methods and techniques that improve the yield. In this paper, different positioning of logs prior to sawing and the possibility of increasing the volume yield of crooked logs by bucking the logs before sawing have been studied. A computer simulation was used to study the cant-sawing and through-and-through sawing of the logs to determine the volume yield of sawn timber from the jambirre (Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.) and umbila (Pterocarpus angolensis DC.) species. The optimal position, i.e. the position of the log before sawing that gives the highest volume yield of sawn timber for a given sawing pattern when the positioning parameters, offset, skew and rotation, are considered gave a considerable higher volume yield than the horns-down position. By bucking very crooked logs and using the horns-down positioning before sawing, the volume yield can be of the same magnitude as that obtained by optimal positioning on full-length (un-bucked) logs. The bucking reduces the crook of the logs and hence increases the volume yield of sawn timber.
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| 2. |
- Ah Shenga, Pedro
(författare)
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SAWING STRATEGIES FOR TROPICAL HARDWOOD SPECIES : Simulation studies based on industrial conditions of Mozambique
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The harvesting of Mozambique tropical hardwood species is considerable higher than the natural regrowth in the forest and the stock is decreasing drastically. Therefore, it is important to improve the material recovery when the wood is refined (i.e., in sawing and further refinement to products such as joineries, furniture etc.) to reduce the waste and to re-utilize efficiently the by-products to increase the added value. The wood processing industry is an important means to boost the industries in the rural areas and also to generate incomes for the local communities by creating jobs and business opportunities.The majority of the logging that can be used for sawmilling in Mozambique is exported as roundwood due to the inability of companies to meet the product standards set for export and to generate profit. The lack of capabilities of the local sawmills to generate profit, also foments the illegal logging because of the higher price of roundwood for export which contributes to increase the number of unlicensed individuals in harvesting. This threatens the law enforcement and thus the degradation of the local wood industry. An alternative to increase the profit and empower the local community could be to export more refined wood products such as sawn timber, parquet, and veneer instead of the roundwood.The objective of the work was to investigate alternative sawing strategies of tropical hardwood species that could increase the profitability of the Mozambique wood industry in general and at sawmill in particular. The subject was approached using a database of virtual logs and together with a sawing simulator. The thesis has two main focus areas: (1) creating the log database with the corresponding algorithms for sawing simulation, and (2) investigations of alternative sawing strategies.The first focus was to build the database of surface-scanned logs and develop the algorithm for the saw simulation. The results are a database of 15 logs models describing the logs outer shape in which 10 jambirre (Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.) and 5 umbila (Pterocarpus angolensis DC.), and the algorithm for the sawing simulation. The algorithm use “brute force” i.e., determines all volume yields of sawn timber from the combination of all settings of log-positioning parameters (offset, skew and rotation) and selects the maximum value of volume yield. From simulation, using three sawing patterns (cant-sawing, through-and-through sawing and square-sawing) combined with two positioning parameters (offset and rotation) it was found that the sawing pattern has great impact on volume yield and that the square-sawing gave higher yield followed by through-and-through sawing pattern.The second focus was on alternative sawing strategies; having in mind that the optimal volume yield is achieved by aid of computerized production systems and that these resources are not yet in use in Mozambique. Hence, the objective was to find the positioning parameters that can be set manually and improve the volume yield. The result have shown that the rotation is the most affecting parameter followed by offset and skew, and that the volume yield can decrease by between 7.7% and 12.5% from the optimal positioning when the logs are manually positioned with the knowledge about the optimal log position. In another study, using crook-up or horns-down positioning as alternative to the optimal positioning, the volume yield decreases by between 10% and 13% from the optimal positioning. By using bucked logs , the optimal volume yield increased by between 8% and 13% in relation to full lengths logs, and the volume yield of bucked logs when using crook up positioning decreases 2% in relation to optimal positioning of full length logs.It is concluded that there is an unexploited value potential in the wood chain which can be reached using alternative positioning and modern measurement techniques and that the grading of wood will facilitate and improve the sawing process.
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| 3. |
- Ah Shenga, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of Tropical Hardwood Processing – Sawing Methods, Log Positioning, and Outer Shape
- 2015
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 10:4, s. 7640-7652
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To increase understanding of breakdown strategies for Mozambican timber, simulations were carried out using different sawing patterns that can be alternatives to the low degree of refinement performed for export today. For the simulations, 3D models of 10 Jambirre and 5 Umbila logs were used. The log shape was described as a point cloud and was acquired by 3D-laser scanning of real logs. Three sawing patterns (cant-sawing, through-and-through sawing, and square-sawing) were studied in combination with the log positioning variables skew and rotation. The results showed that both positioning and choice of sawing pattern had a great influence on the volume yield. The results also showed that the log grade had an impact on the sawing pattern that should be used for a high volume yield. The volume yield could be increased by 3 percentage points by choosing alternative sawing patterns for fairly straight logs and by 6 percentage points for crooked logs, compared to the worst choice of sawing pattern.
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| 4. |
- Ah Shenga, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Log Position Accuracy on the Volume Yield in Sawmilling of Tropical Hardwood
- 2016
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 11:4, s. 9560-9571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of the positioning of the log before sawing on the volume yield of sawn timber from tropical hardwood species. Three positioning parameters were studied, the offset, skew, and rotation, combined with two sawing patterns of cant-sawing and through-and-through sawing. A database consisting of two tropical hardwood species with very different outer shapes, jambirre (Millettia stuhllmannii Taub.) and umbila (Pterocarpus angolensis DC.), was used to simulate the sawing process. The result of the simulation revealed that, according to the combined effect of offset, skew, and rotation positioning, the positioning of the log before sawing is extremely important to achieve a high volume yield of sawn timber. The positioning parameter that has the highest effect on the volume yield is the rotation, and the variation in the volume yield associated with a deviation in the positioning can reduce the volume yield of sawn timber by between 7.7% and 12.5%.
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| 5. |
- Báder, Mátyás, et al.
(författare)
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Wood densification processing for newly engineered materials
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Processing Technologies for the Forest and Bio-based Products Industries (PTF BPI 2018), Freising/Münich, September 20-21. - Kuchl. ; , s. 255-263
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood is a renewable, bio-based material with a mixture of different properties and qualities, used in numerous applications. Beside many species with high wood qualities several species suffer due to a number of disadvantages, where low hardness and abrasive resistance are characteristic for low-density species. This paper presents examples of on-going European research projects and industrial processes mostly related to wood densification methods. Wood densification is a classical thermohydro-mechanical (THM) wood treatment process, through which density is increased by mechanical compression of wood perpendicular to the grain, by impregnation of cell lumens or cell walls with solutions or melted substances (resins, waxes), or by a combination of both. The purpose is to produce newly designed and engineered materials and products with new property profiles, which would potentially find new markets. In general, the THM processes consist of three stages: plasticization of the wood cells, followed by the actualcompression, and finally solidification of the compressed wood in order to prevent elastic spring-back and the moisture-induced set-recovery. The wood densification process refers but is not limited to solid wood and might apply to whole wood pieces, or to local areas within given pieces only. Another THM method is the mechanical compression of wood parallel to the grain, which leads to a product with high flexibility. A European wood research network, represented by the authors of this contribution, has extended experience in many wood modification processes, as demonstrated through ongoing researches and case studies in this paper
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| 6. |
- Berg, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Crack influence on load-bearing capacity of glued laminated timber using extended finite element modelling
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 10:4, s. 335-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the cracks are caused by changes in temperature and relative humidity which lead to shrinkage and swelling of the wood and thereby induce stresses in the structure. How these cracks influence the strength of the wooden structure, especially the shear strength, is not well understood. However, it is reasonable to expect that cracks have an impact on the shear strength as they preferably run along the beams in the direction of grain and bond lines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the load-bearing capacity of cracked glulam beams and to find a model that could predict the failure load of the beams due to the cracks. Three-point bending tests were used on glulam beams of different sizes with pre-manufactured cracks. An orthotropic elastic model and extended finite element method was used to model the behaviour of the cracked beams and to estimate the load-bearing capacity. The conclusions were validated by numerical simulations of the mechanical behaviour of three-point bending of glulam beams with different crack locations. The crack initiation load was recorded as the failure load and compared to the experimental failure load. The results of the compaction simulations agree well with the experimental results.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Blomqvist, Lars, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Basic knowledge of wood properties for improved performance of laminated Veneer products
- 2013
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Ingår i: Pro Ligno. - Brasov : Publishing House of Transilvania University of Brasov. - 1841-4737 .- 2069-7430. ; 9:4, s. 549-556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To ensure success in the production of laminated veneer products, it is necessary to acquire a sound basic understanding of the behaviour of the wood, and to understand the inherent reactions of wood to adhesive, heat, moisture, strain and stress. This can ensure an efficient wood utilization and promote the development of new processes and products that take advantage of the visco-elastic nature of wood. A shortcoming of the laminated bending process is that the products may become distorted after moulding and during use. In this study, we have examined how the performance of laminated veneer products can be improved through the implementation of basic knowledge of wood in the design and production process. The results show that the material and process parameters and storage in a changing relative humidity have a clear impact on distortion. Fibre orientation of the veneers in the moulded assembly was the most critical parameter to control. Fibre deviations mainly resulted in twist of the product. A moisture content in one veneer deviating from that of the rest of the veneers in the assembly before moulding resulted in distortion of the laminated veneer products both after moulding and during use. To decrease the negative effect of fibre orientation and moisture content on shape stability, the veneer should be straight-grained and well-conditioned to a moisture level adapted to the use of the final product. Special care should also be taken to orientate the veneers during assembly before moulding.
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| 9. |
- Blomqvist, Lars, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Chipless Machining; Challanges in Manufacture of Laminated Veneer Products
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 22nd International Wood Machining Seminar, IWMS 22.. - Qubec City : Universite Laval. - 9780994796400 - 9780994796400 ; , s. 155-164
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A laminated veneer product (LVP) consists of veneers bonded together with adhesive under pressure into a predetermined shape and, in general, under increased temperature to shorten the curing time of the adhesive. The process is commonly used in furniture design to manufacture complex forms such as thin shells. In the industrial production of LVP and when the ready- for-use components are exposed to climate variations, rejection due to distortion of the laminates is a major problem. The shape stability depends on a variety of material and process parameters, and this study has focused on the influence of fibre deviation in a single veneer. Recent research on the shape stability of LVP and how distortion is influenced by various material and production parameters is presented. A finite-element model for LVP is introduced and the use of this modelis exemplified by predicting the shape of a LVP with fibre distortion in a single veneer. The results show that it is possible to improve the shape stability of LVP if knowledge of various material and process parameters is implemented in the manufacturing process, and that a simulation based on a model of the wood material can be helpful in estimating the risk of an undesired deformation of the product.
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| 10. |
- Blomqvist, Lars, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Contact free measurement of complex shapes in the wood industry
- 2011
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Ingår i: Mechano-chemical transformations of wood during THM processing. - Biel, Switzerland : Bern University of Applied Sciencs, Architecture, Wood and Civil Engineering. - 9783952378700 ; , s. 143-144
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an increasing need to update and correct information about product geometry in the wood manufacturing industry. Changes in machinery or personnel can be the cause of that need. Manual measurement takes time and diff erent ways of digitizing the geometry of the products have therefore been developed.In this study, two methods (3D-coordinate measurement and optical scanning) have been tested together in order to determine the position of a product in relation to the processing machine, and to optically scan the product geometry. The aim was to identify and evaluate methods to digitize product geometry into a CAD-model for the wood industry. Th e seat shell measured was fitted in the CNC-machine where the processing later would be performed.The methodology used has made it possible to create a CAD-model from the physical model. Based on the experience from this methodology, it would be recommended to continue by creating of a tool that minimizes the need for after processing, i.e. the adjustment of certain coordinates manually.
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