| 1. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of flow unsteadiness on the wall shear stress
- 2012
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Ingår i: 26th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. ; , s. 62033-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements were performed on pulsating fully turbulent flows in a pipe test rig with a diameter of 100 mm. Sinusoidal oscillatory flow at different frequencies was superimposed on a mean flow of averaged Reynolds number Re=20000 based on the pipe diameter. The measurements have been performed at different forcing frequencies (0.001 < ω+ < 0.08) covering all the oscillatory regimes; quasi-steady, relaxation, quasi laminar and high frequency. The amplitude of the flow oscillation was small enough to allow a linear response in the measurements, i.e., all flow parameters showed an oscillatory behavior at the frequency of the flow. The amplitude of the oscillatory flow was about 10% of the mean velocity in all cases. The results include mean and phase averaged values of different parameters. The centerline velocity was measured by a 2D LDA system. Hot film and constant temperature anemometry system was used to determine the wall shear stress. Bulk velocity and pressure gradient along the pipe were also acquired. The results showed a good agreement with the previous analytical, experimental and numerical results available in the literature.
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| 2. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of load variation on a Kaplan turbine runner
- 2016
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems. - 1882-9554. ; 9:2, s. 182-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction of intermittent electricity production systems like wind and solar power to electricity market together with the deregulation of electricity markets resulted in numerous start/stops, load variations and off-design operation of water turbines. Hydraulic turbines suffer from the varying loads exerted on their stationary and rotating parts during load variations they are not designed for such operating conditions. Investigations on part load operation of single regulated turbines, i.e., Francis and propeller, proved the formation of a rotating vortex rope (RVR) in the draft tube. The RVR induces pressure pulsations in the axial and rotating direction called plunging and rotating modes, respectively. This results in oscillating forces with two different frequencies on the runner blades, bearings and other rotating parts of the turbine. This study investigates the effect of transient operations on the pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner and mechanism of the RVR formation/mitigation. Draft tube and runner blades of the Porjus U9 model, a Kaplan turbine, were equipped with pressure sensors for this purpose. The model was run in off-cam mode during different load variations. The results showed that the transients between the best efficiency point and the high load occurs in a smooth way. However, during transitions to the part load a RVR forms in the draft tube which induces high level of fluctuations with two frequencies on the runner; plunging and rotating mode. Formation of the RVR during the load rejections coincides with sudden pressure change on the runner while its mitigation occurs in a smooth way.
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| 3. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of upstream flow conditions on runner pressure fluctuations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics. - : Isfahan University of Technology. - 1735-3572 .- 1735-3645. ; 10:4, s. 1045-1059
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rotor-stator interaction and the corresponding pressure fluctuations represent one of the sources of pressure and load fluctuations on the rotating parts of rotating machineries. The high-Reynolds flow is subject to rotation in the comparably large vaneless space of axial turbines, causing wake interaction and wake dissipation in this region. This increases the level of flow complexity in this region. This study examined the effect of the flow condition entering the spiral casing on the flow condition within the distributor and the runner and the physical source of pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner of a Kaplan turbine model. Simulations were performed within the water supply system, including the upstream tank, penstock, and the Francis turbines, the level of entering the spiral casing; the results were compared with laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) results. The results were considered as the inlet boundary condition for simulation of the turbine model from the spiral inlet to the draft tube outlet to investigate the flow condition within the distributor and the runner. The CFD simulations showed that the water supply system induces inhomogeneity to the velocity distribution at the spiral inlet. However, the flow condition does not affect the pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner blades due to the rotor-stator interactions. Moreover, the dominant frequencies exerted on the runner blades were accurately approximated although the amplitudes of the fluctuations were underestimated.
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| 4. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigation of the hydraulic loads on the runner of a Kaplan turbine model and the corresponding prototype
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydraulic Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-1686 .- 1814-2079. ; 53:4, s. 452-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on unsteady pressure measurements on the runner blades of a Kaplan turbine model as well as torque and radial load bearing measurements on the corresponding prototype at several operating points to investigate the sources of periodic loads exerted on the runner when operating at the best efficiency point and off design. Pressure measurements on the model runner blades indicated that the spiral casing delivers a poorly conditioned flow to the guide vanes close to the lip-entrance junction, resulting in flow separation on the guide vanes. The asymmetric flow delivered to the runner induces large oscillations with respect to the guide vane passing frequency, runner frequency and its harmonics to the runner blades. The torque measurements on the prototype also revealed an asymmetric flow at the distributor outlet. The bearing radial load measurements performed on the prototype support the torque measurement results. The asymmetric hydraulic loads on the runner result in shaft wobbling, and the oscillatory forces exerted on the blades are transferred to the main shaft and bearings. Another source of oscillating forces exerted on the runner blades is the rotating vortex rope (RVR) formation that occurs at part-load operation of the turbine and induces pressure fluctuations at two sub-synchronous frequencies to the runner.
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| 5. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Investigation of the Interblade Flow in a Kaplan Runner at Several Operating Points Using Laser Doppler Anemometry
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluids Engineering. - : ASME International. - 0098-2202 .- 1528-901X. ; 138:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements within the runner blade channels and at the runner outlet of a Kaplan turbine model. The model was investigated at six operating points located on two propeller curves of the turbine to study the flow condition during on-cam and off-cam operations. Main and secondary flows within and after the runner were analyzed, and the effects of the hub and tip clearances on the velocity fields within and after the runner were evaluated. Operation of the turbine at flow rates that are lower than the designed rate for the corresponding propeller curve resulted in vortex breakdown and the formation of a rotating vortex rope (RVR). The RVR formation produced an asymmetrical velocity distribution within and after the runner. The results demonstrated the occurrence of an oscillating flow with the same frequency as the vortex rope within the blade channels located upstream of the RVR. This results in an asymmetric flow through the runner and oscillating forces on the runner blades. The measured velocities indicated that the geometrical asymmetries in the runner manufacturing process resulted in various flow asymmetries at the measured sections. The asymmetries were up to 3% within the runner and 7% at the runner outlet
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental study on flow asymmetry after the draft tube bend of a Kaplan turbine
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advances and Applications in Fluid Mechanics. - 0973-4686. ; 19:2, s. 441-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flow condition in a Kaplan turbine draft tube is investigated using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry(PIV). The investigated draft tube is composed of a cone followed by an elbow and a straight diffuser. The three velocity components were measured after the elbow at two different locations across the straight diffuser to quantify the flow asymmetry as well as the secondary flows formed in this region. The velocity profiles at the draft tube inlet are measured using a 2D LDA system allowing estimation of the draft tube inlet swirl. The results are presented at three operating points of the turbine. The flow condition after the draft tube bend was shown to be highly dependent on the vortex structures within the straight draft tube; namely Dean vortices and the swirl leaving the runner. At operating points with high flow rates and low swirl, Dean vortices dominate the upstream swirl; a symmetric but inhomogeneous flow resembling flow after a pipe bend forms within the straight diffuser. At part load operating points with high swirl and low flow rate, the flow after the bend is dominated by the upstream swirl resulting in asymmetric flow after the draft tube bend. The flow asymmetry is shown to be a 2nd order function of the swirl-to-Dean ratio.
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| 8. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Load variation effects on the pressure fluctuations exerted on a Kaplan turbine runner
- 2014
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Ingår i: 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, IAHR 2014. - : IOP Publishing Ltd.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction of intermittent electricity production systems like wind power and solar systems to electricity market together with the consumption-based electricity production resulted in numerous start/stops, load variations and off-design operation of water turbines. The hydropower systems suffer from the varying loads exerted on the stationary and rotating parts of the turbines during load variations which they are not designed for. On the other hand, investigations on part load operation of single regulated turbines, i.e., Francis and propeller, proved the formation of rotating vortex rope (RVR) in the draft tube. The RVR induces oscillating flow both in plunging and rotating modes which results in oscillating force with two different frequencies on the runner blades, bearings and other rotating parts of the turbine. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of transient operations on the pressure fluctuations on the runner and mechanism of the RVR formation/mitigation. Draft tube and runner blades of the Porjus U9 model, a Kaplan turbine, were equipped with pressure sensors. The model was run in off-cam mode during different load variation conditions to check the runner performance under unsteady condition. The results showed that the transients between the best efficiency point and the high load happens in a smooth way while transitions to/from the part load, where rotating vortex rope (RVR) forms in the draft tube induces high level of fluctuations with two frequencies on the runner; plunging and rotating mode of the RVR.
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| 9. |
- Amiri, Kaveh, et al.
(författare)
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Unsteady pressure measurements on the runner of a Kaplan turbine during load acceptance and load rejection
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydraulic Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-1686 .- 1814-2079. ; 54:1, s. 56-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper addresses unsteady pressure measurements on the blades and stationary parts of a Kaplan turbine model (Porjus U9) during load variation. The turbine was studied in various load acceptance and load rejection scenarios in off-cam mode to investigate the effect of the transients on the turbine performance. The formation and mitigation processes for the rotating vortex ropes and their effects on the forces exerted on the runner were also investigated. The results show a smooth transition during load variations between high load and the best efficiency point, at which no rotating vortex ropes form in the draft tube. However, load variation to part load resulted in a draft tube surge and the formation of a rotating vortex rope with two fluctuating components: rotating and plunging. The rotating vortex ropes began to form at the end of the draft tube cone during the closure of the guide vanes and travelled upstream with further guide vane closure. The plunging mode induced flow oscillation throughout the entire turbine conduit, whereas the rotating mode resulted in local pressure fluctuations. The rotating vortex ropes induced wide-band pressure fluctuations on the suction side of the runner close to the hub section. The formation of the rotating vortex ropes near the runner resulted in a sudden change in the pressure exerted on the suction side of the blades, whereas the rotating vortex rope mitigation process proceeded in a smooth manner.
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| 10. |
- Atta, Khalid, et al.
(författare)
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Maximum power point tracking for micro hydro power plants using extremum seeking control
- 2015
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Ingår i: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA 2015). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479977871 ; , s. 1874-1879
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, we propose using extremum seeking control (ESC) as a tool for maximum power point tracking in micro hydro power plants. The phasor ESC, which is based on estimating the phasor of the plant output at the perturbation frequency, was modified by stimating the phasors of multiple harmonics of this frequency. This modification will improve the performance of ESC by reducing the luctuations in control variables that may appear in noisy environments as a result of high-amplitude perturbation signals. A test rig was used to experimentally verify the proposed approach and to demonstrate the usability of ESC in hydro power plants.
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