| 1. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Dowel deformations in multi-dowel LVL-connections under moment loading
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 10:3, s. 216-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the experimental study presented herein is the assessment and quantification of the behavior of individual dowels in multi-dowel connections loaded by a bending moment. For this purpose, double-shear, steel-to-timber connections with nine steel dowels arranged in different patterns and with different dowel diameters were tested in four-point bending. In order to achieve a ductile behavior with up to 7° relative rotation, the connections were partly reinforced with self-tapping screws. The reinforcement did not influence the global load–deformation behavior, neither for dowel diameters of 12 mm nor for 20 mm, as long as cracking was not decisive. The deformation of the individual dowels was studied by means of a non-contact deformation measurement system. Thus, the crushing deformation, that is, the deformation at the steel plate, and the bending deformation of the dowels could be quantified. In the case of 12 mm dowels, the bending deformation was larger than the crushing deformation, while it was smaller in the case of 20 mm dowels. Moreover, dowels loaded parallel to the grain showed larger bending deformations than dowels loaded perpendicular to the grain. This indicates that the loading of the individual dowels in the connection differs depending on their location.
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| 2. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental characterization of the global and local behavior of multi-dowel LVL-connections under complex loading
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials and Structures. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-5997 .- 1871-6873. ; 49:6, s. 2407-2424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorough experimental characterization of a dowel-type connection under various combinations of bending moments and normal forces is presented in this study. Double-shear steel-to-timber connections with 12 and 20 mm steel dowels were tested in a 4-point bending test set-up. The load, between the connected steel and wood beams, was transferred by the dowels themselves and also via an additional (passive) contact device, which introduced an eccentric normal force in the timber beam. The behavior of the connections was studied at the global scale of the connection and at the local scale of the individual dowels. A non-contact deformation measurement system was used to assess the changes of the location of the center of relative rotation over the entire loading. At the same time, the head deformations of the individual dowels could be measured, giving a direct indication about the force distribution among the dowels. Due to reinforcement, connections behaved distinctly ductile with a global relative rotation of up to 3°. Pre-stressing of the contact device by a force of 40 kN yielded an even stiffer behavior. For the particular configurations tested herein, the center of rotation was found to be close to the vertical axis of symmetry of the joint and close to the top row of the dowels. Moreover, the superimposed vertical shift of the center of relative rotation in case of a delayed normal force could be quantified. © 2015 RILEM
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| 3. |
- Bader, Thomas K., et al.
(författare)
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Integrative experimental characterization and engineering modeling of single-dowel connections in LVL
- 2016
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Ingår i: Construction and Building Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-0618 .- 1879-0526. ; 107, s. 235-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to be able to realistically and consistently elucidate and subsequently simulate the load displacement behavior of single-dowel connections, the material behavior of the individual components, namely steel dowels and wood, needs to be investigated. The behavior of slotted-in, single-dowel steel-to-laminated veneer lumber (LVL) connections with dowel diameters of 12 and 20 mm is thoroughly discussed here in relation to steel dowel and LVL properties. In addition to connection tests at different load-to-grain directions of 0, 45 and 90, the corresponding embedment behavior of LVL was tested up to dowel displacements of three times the dowel diameter. The material behavior of steel dowels was studied by means of tensile and 3-point bending tests and accompanying finite element simulations. A pronounced nonlinear behavior of the single-dowel connections was observed for all load-to-grain directions. In case of loading perpendicular to the grain, a significant hardening behavior was obvious. Due to the anisotropic material properties of wood, enforcing a loading direction of 45 to the grain resulted in an additional force perpendicular to the load direction which was quantified in a novel biaxial test setup. Thus, a comprehensive and consistent database over different scales of observations of dowel connections could be established, which subsequently was exploited by means of engineering modeling. The comparison of experimental and numerical data illustrates the potential of the engineering modeling approach to overcome drawbacks of current design regulations, which are unable to appropriately predict stiffness properties of dowel connections. Moreover, the quasi-elastic limit of dowel connections was calculated and discussed by means of the model. (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Dorn, Michael, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Development of large-scale load-bearing timber-glass structural elements
- 2014
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Ingår i: WCTE 2014 - World Conference on Timber Engineering.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The building industry demands ever more effective structural elements with a multitude of requirements at the same time. There is increasing interest for load-bearing glass elements which can be deployed in timber structures, e.g. in the outer façade or as column or beam elements within the building. In an on-going research project, the materials glass, timber and the adhesive combining the former have to be selected to fit each other but also suit the application. The mechanical properties are studied individually as well as in combined small-scale specimens experimentally. Furthermore,large-scale tests on beams and shear walls are performed. This is accompanied by numerical analysis to study a wide range of dimensions and variations as well as specific design situations. The final output of the project will be prototypes to beused in showcase projects.
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| 5. |
- Kozłowski, Marcin, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigation on timber-glass composite I-beams
- 2014
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Ingår i: Challenging Glass 4- Structural Glass-Novel design methods and next generation products. - : Taylor & Francis. - 9781138001640
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Timber-glass composite I-beams were manufactured and tested in bending to failure. The glass web of the I-beam was adhesively bonded to the timber flanges using three different adhesives: Epoxy, Acrylate and Silicone. For the webs two types of 8 mm thick glass were used: annealed float and heat heat-strengthened glass. Before testing the beams with heat-strengthened glass, the residual-stress profile through the thickness of the glass panels was measured using a portable scattered light polariscope SCALP. The results show that the beam stiffness was similar for the acrylate and epoxy-bonded beams, despite the difference in adhesive stiffness. The beams bonded with the silicone adhesive showed approximately 25% lower stiffness. In terms of load bearing capacity, the beams made using heat-strengthened glass were approximately 50% stronger than the beams made using annealed float, for the epoxy and acrylate adhesive. Using the silicone adhesive, the increase was approximately 20%.
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| 6. |
- Oscarsson, Jan, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Strength grading of wet Norway spruce side boards by use of axial dynamic excitation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2010, WCTE 2010, Riva del Garda, Trento, Italy, June 20-24. - : Curran Associates, Inc.. - 9781622761753 ; , s. 1601-1606
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strength grading of Norway spruce side boards in the wet state was investigated. For a batch of 58 boards, densities and dynamic modulus of elasticity in the axial direction, MOEdyn, were determined in the wet state. The boards were then split into two parts and the procedure of determining MOEdyn was repeated both before and after the boards were dried to a target moisture content of 12 %. Tensile strength of the split boards was measured and its relation to MOEdyn for both split and unsplit boards determined. A so called reversed lamination effect on the stiffness caused by the splitting of boards into two parts was also evaluated. The results show that strength grading of split boards in the wet state could give just as good results as grading performed after drying. The reversed lamination effect on the stiffness of split boards was found to be of lower order.
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| 7. |
- Oscarsson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Strength grading of wet Norway spruce side boards for use as laminations in wet-glued laminated beams
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the final conference of COST action E53, 4-7 May 2010, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2010.. - : Edinburgh Napier University.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Strength grading of Norway spruce side boards in the wet state was investigated. For a sample of 58 boards of dimensions 25×120×3000 mm3, density and dynamic modulus of elasticity in the axial direction, MOEdyn, were determined in the wet state. The boards were then split into two parts and the procedure of determining MOEdyn was repeated both before and after the boards were dried to a target moisture content of 12 %. Tensile strength of the split boards was finally measured and its relation to MOEdyn for both split and unsplit boards determined. The investigation also included an evaluation of a so called reversed lamination effect on the stiffness caused by the splitting of boards into two parts. The results show that strength grading of split boards in the wet state could give just as good results as grading performed after drying. The coefficient of determination between MOEdyn in wet and dried states was as high as R2=0.92, and the relation between MOEdyn in the wet state and tensile strength in the dried state, σt, was of the same order (R2=0.55) as the relation between MOEdyn in the dried state and σt (R2=0.52). Regarding the reversed lamination effect on the stiffness of split boards, it was found to be of low order.
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| 8. |
- Sjödin, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Contact-free measurements and numerical analyses of the strain distribution in the joint area of steel-to-timber dowel joints
- 2006
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Ingår i: Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-736X. ; 64:6, s. 497-506
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two different dowel-type joints of differing size were loaded in tension parallel to the grain. The strain distribution in the joint area was studied using a contact-free measurement system. The results were compared with those of numerical analysis. The measurement system was found to be a valuable complement to traditional measurement techniques and also to numerical analyses performed in parametric studies. The measurements obtained were shown to be particularly useful for studying the highly nonlinear behavior of timber that is of special importance in characterizing timber dowel joints. Several observations of considerable interest were made on the basis of numerical results in combination with results of the contact-free measurement system. A non-uniform strain distribution in the joint area was detected, for example, and shear strains and tensile strains, both parallel and perpendicular to the grain were found to be concentrated in the areas most likely to influence the failure mode of the joint. A general observation made was that the larger size joint failed in brittle manner, an observation supported by previous research.
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