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Sökning: LAR1:lu > VTI - Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut

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1.
  • Abdallah, Clement Kamil, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing the quality of water used for vegetable irrigation in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper assesses water quality that is used for vegetable irrigation in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. A mixed-method of research design was employed in this study to collect and analyze the data based on survey instruments. The paper found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is usually used as an indicator of water contamination and heavy metals exist in all taken water samples. The mean concentrations of nutrients such as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were recorded as 0.022 mg/l to 5.98 mg/l for ammonia, 1.06 mg/l to 7.52 mg/l for nitrate, 0.031 mg/l to 0.056 mg/l for nitrate and 0.037 mg/l to 0.069 mg/l for phosphate. E. coli and Total Coliforms levels for Sanghani, Kamina and Waterworks from the laboratory analysis were recorded as 3.2x10(3) CFU 100 m/l and 5.5x10(2) CFU 100 m/l, 4.0x10(3) CFU 100 m/l and 1x10(2) CFU 100 m/l, and 2.1x10(3) CFU 100 m/l and 4.6x10(2) CFU 100 m/l respectively. To conclude, based on the measured parameters, water used for irrigation in the Tamale Metropolitan is polluted and may cause potential health risks. Therefore, farmers, traders and consumers need to apply further safety measures to make the vegetables safe.
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2.
  • Adell, Emeli, et al. (författare)
  • The Definition of Acceptance and Acceptability
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Driver Acceptance of New Technology. - Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate. - 9781409439844 ; , s. 11-21
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite the recognised importance of the concept of acceptance, how and why new technologies are actually accepted by drivers is not well understood. While many studies claim to have measured acceptance, few have explicitly defined what it is. This chapter points out the importance of defining acceptance and categorises definitions that have been used according to their “essence”. Distinctions between different types of acceptance as well as between acceptance and acceptability are also described. A proposal for a common definition of acceptance is then presented and discussed.
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3.
  • Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Eye Tracking in Driver Attention Research : How Gaze Data Interpretations Influence What We Learn
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-6195. ; 2:34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Eye tracking (ET) has been used extensively in driver attention research. Amongst other findings, ET data have increased our knowledge about what drivers look at in different traffic environments and how they distribute their glances when interacting with non-driving related tasks. Eye tracking is also the go-to method when determining driver distraction via glance target classification. At the same time, eye trackers are limited in the sense that they can only objectively measure the gaze direction. To learn more about why drivers look where they do, what information they acquire foveally and peripherally, how the road environment and traffic situation affect their behavior, and how their own expertise influences their actions, it is necessary to go beyond counting the targets that the driver foveates. In this perspective paper, we suggest a glance analysis approach that classifies glances based on their purpose. The main idea is to consider not only the intention behind each glance, but to also account for what is relevant in the surrounding scene, regardless of whether the driver has looked there or not. In essence, the old approaches, unaware as they are of the larger context or motivation behind eye movements, have taken us as far as they can. We propose this more integrative approach to gain a better understanding of the complexity of drivers' informational needs and how they satisfy them in the moment.
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4.
  • Aldenius, Malin, et al. (författare)
  • The role of environmental requirements in Swedish public procurement of bus transports
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1556-8318 .- 1556-8334. ; 16:5, s. 391-405
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The transport sector needs to become sustainable and public transport has an important role to play. Green public procurement has proven to have great potential to influence the transition to a sustainable public transport sector. Sweden is a good example of a country that uses public procurement in the public transport sector to a large extent and has at the same time come far in the transition to renewable fuel. The aim of this study is to examine what role public transport authorities (PTAs) can have in supporting more environmentally sustainable public transport through public procurement. This was done by a content analysis regarding the expressions of environmental requirements historically, over a ten-year period, in tender documents in Sweden, followed by a workshop where the implications of the findings and future tender processes were discussed with relevant actors. The results showed that all the environmental requirements have become stricter during the studied period, but indicate a tendency for higher use of environmental requirements in tendering of larger areas as well as in tendering of public transport within cities. Specifically, for requirements for fuel, the same tenders also use specific requirements to a higher extent. However, the subsequent workshop discussions indicated that the use of specific requirements is one reason for disagreement among involved actors. Overall, this study of the Swedish public transport case showed that PTAs have a large potential to support more environmentally sustainable solutions using environmental requirements in public procurement.
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5.
  • Alm, Jens, 1982-, et al. (författare)
  • (In)capacity to implement measures for increased cycling? Experiences and perspectives from cycling planners in Sweden
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article seeks to explore and analyse the capacity of Swedish municipalities to implement measures for increased cycling. Through the concept of local capacity and against the backdrop of interviews with local cycle planners, the aim of the article is to gain deeper insights into cycle planners’ experiences and perspectives on what the possibilities, obstacles and challenges are as regards achieving the aims of increased cycling. Although the interviews reveal that all capacity dimensions are important, financial and political capacity seem to be the most crucial dimensions. These two dimensions are also the ones that differentiate most between included municipalities, and thus also influence the local capacity. High staffing, earmarked funding, and a shift from the car to a sustainable mode of transport norm are all capacity-building measures. There also seem to be overarching difficulties in developing vertical linkages with the SwedishTransport Administration to increase the municipal capacity. The authority's responsibility for funding, operating, and maintaining the national public cycle network, and a lack of will to find common solutions are perceived as challenging by many municipalities. Greater consensus and collaboration between municipalities and the Swedish Transport Administration must be achieved to fulfil national and local policy aims on cycling.
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6.
  • Alm, Jens, et al. (författare)
  • Planering för strategisk cykelinfrastruktur : Resultat från en intervjustudie
  • 2020
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • I dagens samhälle med klimatförändringar och miljöproblem ses cykeln som ett allt viktigare transportmedel för att minska bilanvändning. Trafikverket konstaterade att ökad cykling medför stora vinster för samhället, inte minst för miljön. Således borde cykel prioriteras allt mer i planeringen, vilket inte alltid görs. Hur man planerar cykelinfrastruktur och vad som klassas som bra eller dålig cykelinfrastruktur kan skilja sig mellan olika kommuner, inte minst beroende på kommunens storlek, planeringstradition och liknande. Föreliggande rapport är slutprodukten av projektet som handlar om möjligheter och svårigheter för kommunerna att implementera strategisk cykelinfrastruktur i Sverige. Vidare syftar rapporten till att ge kommuner rekommendationer om hur de arbeta vidare med frågorna och förslag på hur de kan övervinna eventuella svårigheter. Syftet med denna rapport inom projektet ”Planering för strategisk cykelinfrastruktur” är att analysera hur kommunerna idag arbetar med planering av strategisk cykelinfrastruktur och vilka möjligheter och hinder planerare möter i deras arbete kring dessa frågor. Mer konkret handlar studien om vilka åtgärder som tjänsteman med ansvar och engagemang för cykling bedömer som viktigast för att öka cyklandet och deras erfarenheter av att få sådana åtgärder genomförda. För att uppnå det ovannämnda syftet genomfördes en intervjustudie bland städer, kommuner och regioner som deltar i organisationen Svenska Cykelstäder – en organisation bestående av 31 kommuner samt fyra regioner och som framhåller att de målmedvetet arbetar för ökad och säkrare cykling. En slutsats i rapporten är att bilnormen fortfarande är stark. En illustration av detta är att det är problematiskt att förbättra och utveckla infrastrukturen för cykel på bekostnad av bilen. Dock är möjligheterna betydligt större att prioritera cykel vid nybyggnation där förutbestämda vanor och rutiner som är svåra att förändra ännu inte är fastlagda. Detta kan ses som en möjlighet att åtminstone vid nya utvecklingsprojekt förbättra cykelinfrastrukturen i svenska kommuner. Ytterligare en slutsats är att vissa kommuner, trots svårigheter, är långt framme i arbetet med att främja cykel och att de på enförhållandevis bred front arbetar aktivt med åtgärder för ökad cykling såsom förbättrad och mer cykelinfrastruktur i form av cykelvägar- och parkeringar, åtgärder för att prioritera cykel framför bil samt beteendepåverkande åtgärder. En tredje slutsats är att det finns kommuner som är medlemmar i organisationen Svenska Cykelstäder där prioriteringen av cykel trots medlemskapet inte verkar stå högst upp på den trafikpolitiska agendan. Rapporten avslutas med en rad rekommendationer som grundar sig på forskningen som genomfördes i detta projekt och inte enbart på intervjustudien som genomfördes inför denna rapport. Dessa behandlar samverkan mellan kommunerna, mellan kommunernaoch regionerna och mellan kommunerna och Trafikverket. Vidare ekommenderasnationella standarder för utformningen av cykelinfrastruktur som grundar sig på aktuell forskning. Utöver detta rekommenderas att cykelns betydelse i olika dokument borde öka och bilens betydelse borde minska.
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7.
  • Andersson, Alfred, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluating a Mobility Service Application for Business Travel: Lessons Learnt from a Demonstration Project
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Sustainability (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:3, s. 1-18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Business travel contributes to significant greenhouse gas emissions, and there is a need for measures that reduce the demand for trips made with energy-intensive means of transport. In this study, a mobility service application (MSA) introduced in 13 Swedish organisations was tested and evaluated to facilitate booking and handling of business trips, in particular public transport. A before and after study consisting of surveys and interviews with employees at the organisations were conducted. The results show that the MSA was mostly used for regional and local public transport trips, and the users stated that the MSA made it easier to travel by public transport, although this particular result should be seen as tentative due to the small sample size. Three factors that influence the success of a new MSA as a means to increase sustainable business trips were identified: management control and proactiveness; perceived improvement of intervention; functions and technical sufficiency. The results also highlight the need to establish organisational conditions that facilitate sustainable business travel, such as coherent travel policy, accessibility to sustainable modes of transport, and a culture that encourages environmentally friendly behaviour. The study suggests improvements that can be made to similar interventions and strategies that can be introduced to promote sustainable business travel.
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8.
  • Antonson, Hans, 1963-, et al. (författare)
  • A crack in the Swedish welfare façade? : A review of assessing social impacts in transport infrastructure planning
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Progress in Planning. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0305-9006 .- 1873-4510. ; 138
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A comparison of social impact categorisation in strategic planning across European Union Member States shows that Sweden neither categorises nor breaks down categories of social impact in areas such as transport infrastructure development. This article accordingly studies how social issues are handled during transport infrastructure planning. An analysis of different source materials will answer four research questions:To what extent are social impacts integrated into environmental impact assessment (EIA) reports?Are social impacts sufficiently integrated and/or does this treatment simply amount to ‘good practice’?Can any trend be detected over time in terms of addressing social issues in impact assessments?What key measures could increase the influence of social impact issues on transport infrastructure planning practice?The study involved a content analysis of six EIA handbooks and EIA statements (EISs) for 18 large transport infrastructure projects. The concepts searched for in these documents largely apply to issues of vulnerability, health, social problems, perceived safety, and alienation. Our data were interpreted through the theoretical lens of institutional interplay. We found that though social aspects are not new considerations in EIA research, they are included in only a small proportion of the 18 Swedish EISs, mostly in connection with health and accessibility. We also found that the more recent documents allotted less space to social issues. It is unlikely that most individuals in the organisations that order EISs, or the consultancies that write them, are unaware of the broader interpretation of ‘human beings’ which includes social aspects.The conclusion is that in the absence of a government initiative to clarify how social impacts can be addressed in transport infrastructure planning, there is a need for an external network for organisations involved in transport infrastructure EISs.
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9.
  • Antonson, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Experiencing moose and landscape while driving : a simulator and questionnaire study
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 41, s. 91-100
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Animal vehicle collisions (AVC's) have large economic, medical and ecological consequences but have rarely been studied with respect to driver behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate different AVC-relevant landscape settings (vegetation cover), with and without game fencing and in combination with encountering moose. Twenty-five participants took part in an advanced driving simulator experiment. The results show that neither the presence of a game fence nor vegetation was found to affect driving speed, speed variability, lateral position or visual scanning in general. When a moose appeared at the side of the road, the drivers reacted by slowing down earlier and reducing their speed more when no game fence was present. Furthermore, the speed reduction when a moose was present was significantly larger when the vegetation was sparse. Game fencing made drivers feel at ease whereas dense vegetation was experienced as more stressful.
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10.
  • Antonson, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Landscape heritage objects' effect on driving : a combined driving simulator and questionnaire study.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 62, s. 168-77
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • According to the literature, landscape (panoramas, heritage objects e.g. landmarks) affects people in various ways. Data are primarily developed by asking people (interviews, photo sessions, focus groups) about their preferences, but to a lesser degree by measuring how the body reacts to such objects. Personal experience while driving a car through a landscape is even more rare.In this paper we study how different types of objects in the landscape affect drivers during their drive. A high-fidelity moving-base driving simulator was used to measure choice of speed and lateral position in combination with stress (heart rate measure) and eye tracking. The data were supplemented with questionnaires. Eighteen test drivers (8 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 37 were recruited. The test drivers were exposed to different new and old types of landscape objects such as 19th century church, wind turbine, 17th century milestone and bus stop, placed at different distances from the road driven.The findings are in some respect contradictory, but it was concluded that that 33% of the test drivers felt stressed during the drive. All test drivers said that they had felt calm at times during the drive but the reason for this was only to a minor degree connected with old and modern objects. The open landscape was experienced as conducive to acceleration. No significant differences could be observed concerning the test drivers' gaze between old or modern objects, but a significant difference was observed between the test drivers' gaze between road stretches with faraway objects and stretches without objects.
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