| 1. |
- Albertazzi, S, et al.
(författare)
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The technical feasibility of biomass gasification for hydrogen production
- 2005
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Ingår i: Catalysis Today. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-5861 .- 1873-4308. ; 106:1-4, s. 297-300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass gasification for energy or hydrogen production is a field in continuous evolution, due to the fact that biomass is a renewable and CO2 neutral source. The ability to produce biomass-derived vehicle fuel on a large scale will help to reduce greenhouse gas and pollution, increase the security of European energy supplies, and enhance the use of renewable energy. The Varnamo, Biomass Gassification Centre in Sweden is a unique plant and an important site for the development of innovative technologies for biomass transformation. At the moment, the Varnamo plant is the heart of the CHRISGAS European project, that aims to convert the produced gas for further upgrading to liquid fuels as dimethyl ether (DME), methanol or Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) derived diesel. The present work is an attempt to highlight the conditions for the reforming unit and the problems related to working with streams having high contents of sulphur and alkali metals.
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| 2. |
- Ambrazaitis, Gilbert
(författare)
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Between Fall and Fall-Rise : Substance-Function Relations in German Phrase-Final Intonation Contours
- 2005
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Ingår i: Phonetica. - Basel : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1423-0321 .- 0031-8388. ; 62:2-4, s. 196-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates an intonation contour of German whose status has not been established yet: a globally falling contour with a slight rise at the very end of the phrase (FSR). The contour may be said to lie on a phonetic continuum between falling (F) and falling-rising (FR) contours. It is hypothesized that F, FR and FSR differ with respect to their communicative functions: F is terminal, FR is non-terminal, and FSR is pseudo-terminal, respectively. The hypotheses were tested in two steps. First, measurements in a labelled corpus of spontaneous speech provided the necessary background information on the phonetics of the contours. In the second step, the general hypothesis was approached in a perceptual experiment using the paradigm of a semantic differential: 49 listeners judged 17 systematically generated stimuli on nine semantic scales, such as ‘impolite/polite’. The hypotheses were generally confirmed. Both F and FSR were associated with a conclusive statement, while FR was more likely to be judged as marking a question. FSR differs from F in that it does not express features such as categoricalness, dominance or impoliteness. The results are interpreted as an instance of the frequency code: the addition of a slight rise means avoidance of extremely low F0; the functional consequence is a reduction of communicated dominance.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bagherpour, Mohammad Bagher, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of irrigation and water content of packings on alpha-pinene vapours biofilteration performance
- 2005
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Ingår i: Biochemical engineering journal. - : Elsevier. - 1369-703X .- 1873-295X. ; 24:3, s. 185-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this investigation is to determine the effect of different physical parameters on the performance of biofilters, treating hydrophobic compounds. In this respect, the effects of irrigation and water content of packings on the removal efficiency of bed in different pollutant loading rates, and gas phase flow rates, is studied. Alpha-pinene, which is produced from variety of industrial wood products, pulp and paper industries, and fragrance production units, has been selected as a model compound. Since the effectiveness of biofiltration depends strongly upon water solubility of compounds, in the case of alpha-pinene (2.5 ppm, at 25 ◦C), the process of waste gas treatment is faced with difficulties. In this paper, it is shown that performance of biofilters, treating hydrophobic contaminants, declines due to irrigation. This reduction is detected by an increase in the outlet concentration from 11% up to 22.5%. Its magnitude depends on the gas velocity inside the biofilter and outlet concentration of the bed. The result indicated that pore blocking along the bed has less effect on the performance reduction than diffusion coefficient. Also the inhibitory effects of velocity on biodegradation are considerably higher than the effects of concentration. In addition, this compost-based biofilter shows noteworthy higher elimination capacities in comparison with previous studied biofiltration systems. In this study, a maximum elimination capacity of 227 gm−3 of packing h−1 is achieved by 95% of removal efficiency. The maximum concentration in the inlet gas was 650 mgm−3.
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| 5. |
- Berling, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of Financial Risks on Inventory Policy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Management Science. - : Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). - 0025-1909 .- 1526-5501. ; 51:12, s. 1804-1815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of financial risks on (R, Q) inventory policies is analyzed in a real options framework. Simple adjustments of the usual formulas for R and Q are suggested and tested. Stochastic demand and purchase costs are considered, both with known systematic (business-cycle-related) risk. The systematic risk of stochastic demand has typically a negligible effect on the optimal values of R and Q, although an improvement may be achieved by a simple adjustment of R. The systematic risk of the purchase price, c, has a significant effect on R and Q. The capital holding cost should be estimated as r . c, where r is the sum of the risk-free interest rate, the expected price decrease, and the risk premium associated with the systematic risk of c. For goods quoted on commodity exchanges, r may be estimated directly from the prices on forward contracts. Its size (and sign) varies considerably for different commodities.
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| 6. |
- Elgán, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Young women´s lifestyle behaviours and their bone mineral density changes:a grounded theory analysis.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. - : Wiley. - 1471-6712 .- 0283-9318. ; 19:1, s. 39-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Only limited information is available on healthy young women's perspective of their own lifestyle behaviours. By lifestyle behaviours, e.g. smoking and physical activity, individuals have the possibility to influence bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to generate a theoretical model of lifestyle behaviours among young women with different BMD changes. Methods: Data were collected by interviewing with 11 women, and the material was analysed by means of the grounded theory. Findings: Two core categories were generated: (i) the respondents' outlook on life and (ii) their life situation. The respondents' outlook on life was either `rigid' or `relaxed'. Respondents who had a rigid outlook on life adjusted with others and had a decreased BMD while those with a relaxed outlook on life were doing things for fun and had an increased BMD level. Life situation also consisted of two categories: `stagnation' and `development'. Respondents in a static life situation did not pursue any active actions while in a developing life situation, the respondents were actively striving towards a goal. Four dimensions which characterized the respondents' outlook on life in relation to their life situation emerged: subordinating and enduring with a decreased BMD level or compromising and discerning with an increased BMD level. Conclusion: It seems as if the outlook on life has a greater influence than the acted lifestyle behaviour for bone development. Further research is needed to generalize the findings of this study and to explore the importance of the outlook on life among women of all ages.
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| 7. |
- Engström, Christian
(författare)
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Bounds on the effective tensor and structural parameters for anisotropic two-phase composite material
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics D. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 0022-3727 .- 1361-6463. ; 38, s. 3695-3702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is concerned with the estimation of macroscopic properties such as the permittivity or the thermal conductivity of a composite material from the microstructure. A new method of estimating the microstructural parameters, such as the volume fraction of anisotropic two-phase composite material, is derived. The parameters are estimated using information from measurements of the random material or, in the periodic case, from numerical experiments. The method is used to derive new bounds on the effective tensor that incorporates information from measurements of a related parameter. These new bounds are called cross-property bounds. New tight bounds on low-order microstructural parameters are given in the anisotropic case.
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| 8. |
- Flemme, Inger, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term quality of life and uncertainty in patients living with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Heart & lung : the journal of critical care. - St. Louis, MO : Elsevier BV. - 0147-9563 .- 1527-3288. ; 34:6, s. 386-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: This study describes the quality of life (QOL) and uncertainty in patients who have an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and predicts QOL at long-term follow-up. METHODS: Long-term follow-up was defined as 6.9 years +/- 1 year (range 4.11-8.7 years). QOL was measured with the Quality of Life Index, and uncertainty was measured with the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale. RESULTS: The overall QOL and health/functioning were unchanged over time. QOL in the socioeconomic (P = .002) and psychologic/spiritual domains (P = .012) decreased in the first year. From baseline to long-term follow-up, the QOL in the family domain (P = .011) and uncertainty (P = .002) decreased. Uncertainty was a predictor of low QOL. CONCLUSION: QOL was reasonably good 6.9 years post-ICD implantation. Patients felt less uncertain once they had passed the first year of their illness.
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| 9. |
- Gustavsson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Aerodynamic Particle Sizer and Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor for Unimodal and Bimodal Mass-Weighted Size Distributions
- 2005
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Ingår i: Aerosol Science and Technology. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd. - 0278-6826 .- 1521-7388. ; 39:9, s. 871-887
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) and the Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI) to study mass weighted particle size distributions. Unimodal and bimodal liquid test aerosols were produced to a small chamber. Simultaneous measurements were performed with an APS 3320, an APS 3321, an ELPI and a Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor (DLPI) analyzed gravimetrically. ELPI current and mass responses were simulated for lognormal size distributions using a parameterization of the impactor kernel functions. In experiments with a single coarse mode, the mass ratio to the DLPI was between 0.75 and 1.15 for both APS models up to 5 µ m and for the ELPI up to 3 µ m. For larger sizes the ELPI and APS 3320 overestimated and the APS 3321 underestimated the concentration. In experiments with a single fine mode, submicrometer ELPI and DLPI results were in good agreement. However, in contrast to the DLPI all three spectrometers showed a significant mass fraction above 1 µ m. In experiments with a bimodal size distribution, the mass ratios were altered compared to single coarse mode experiments. Simulations showed that uncertainties in ELPI measurements of larger particles occur when concentrations of small particles are high. Several mechanisms that may bias ELPI and APS measurements are described. With knowledge of these, ELPI and APS 3321 can, under many circumstances give accurate time-resolved mass size distributions for particles smaller than 3 and 5 µm, respectively.
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| 10. |
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