| 1. |
- Bellman, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Boende för äldre: En studie av 10 kommuner
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Andelen äldre personer i det svenska samhället ökar. I Sverige finns boendeformer som på olika sätt är anpassade efter äldres behov. Hur utbudet av dessa för äldre individer anpassade boendeformer ser ut och vilken information kommuner ger till äldre kan ses som viktiga för att förstå om äldre väljer att bo kvar eller flytta. I denna rapport kartläggs hur nuvarande utbud av de tre boendeformerna vård- och omsorgsboende, trygghetsbostäder och seniorbostäder ser ut på bostadsmarknaden vad gäller den äldre befolkningen i tio utvalda kommuner. I rapporten ligger tonvikten på kommunala företrädares uppfattningar och på kommunernas planer. För att få en större förståelse görs jämförelser med siffror från samtliga kommuner hämtade från Boverkets Bostadsmarknadsenkät (2014). Denna rapport är den första delen av en större studie som syftar till att undersöka push- och pullfaktorer som påverkar äldres val av boende. Av kartläggningen framgår att bostadsutbudet i de olika kommunerna skiljer sig åt, där vissa har bostadsöverskott medan andra har bostadsunderskott men där majoriteten av kommunerna erbjuder de tre olika boendeformerna. I storstadsregionen och i de större städerna finns ett utbud av samtliga tre boendeformer medan flera av glesbygdskommunerna saknar trygghetsbostäder. Rådgivning i de flesta kommuner är reaktiv snarare än proaktiv. I rapporten väcks frågan om hur vi ska se på boendet för de äldsta.
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| 2. |
- Bellman, Lina, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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How Does Education from a High-Status University Affect Professional Property Appraisers' Valuation Judgments?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Real Estate Practice and Education. - : American Real Estate Society. - 1521-4842 .- 1930-8914. ; 19:2, s. 99-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The repertory grid technique is used to investigate professional property appraisers' thought patterns, and these patterns' complexity, with respect to the universities from which the appraisers graduated. Nearly half of Sweden's 138 authorized property appraisers participated in the study. The results indicate that the appraisers graduating from the university with the longest tradition of property education and ranked highest among the universities offering such education in Sweden have less complex thought patterns than do those graduating from other Swedish universities. This indicates that appraisers graduating from the highest ranked university simplify their valuation judgments more than do other appraisers.
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| 3. |
- Bellman, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Valuation standards and methods : are Sweden's (still) different?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of European Real Estate Research. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1753-9269 .- 1753-9277. ; 12:1, s. 79-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the methods and standards of valuation used by Swedish professional property valuers when appraising commercial properties and factors affecting those standards. The study builds on a 2002 comparative study of valuers in four European countries by McParland et al. (2002), but focuses specifically on property valuers in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach In 2010-2011, a questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with about half of the authorised property valuers in Sweden. Another questionnaire was emailed to all authorised property valuers in Sweden 2015 and again about half participated. Findings Analysis of the results shows some new trends in used and preferred standards and methods. Although Swedish valuers still rely mainly on local guidelines, they now increasingly use international standards and company guidelines, which may indicate a growing, if indirect, form of internationalisation. Swedish valuers still use discounted cash flow as their primary method, but their use of comparative methods has increased. Originality/value The data in this comparative study of valuation standards and methods over time used were collected from a specific group of property valuers authorised through the professional Swedish organisation Samhallsbyggarna (Swedish Professionals for the Built Environment), which contributes to an insight in the presiding of the harmonisation of valuation methods and standards.
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| 4. |
- Högberg, Lovisa, 1983-
(författare)
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Building Sustainability : Studies on incentives in construction and management of real estate
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis summarizes the results from several studies with connection to sustainability in construction and management of real estate. Here, the concept sustainability includes environmental, social and economic dimensions and focus is on the actors with the best possibilities to impact real estate, namely the real estate owners and the developers. The thesis consists of six papers. Real estate owners’ perception of and incentives and strategies for sustainability was studied in four ways: incentives for energy efficiency and other sustainability issues in connection to renovation (papers I and II), factors that characterize firms with an ambitious approach to energy efficiency (paper V) and economic incentives for energy efficiency (paper VI). Developers’ behavior and impact on sustainability was studied in two ways: how developers’ planning and construction methods may influence energy consumption for future residents (paper III) and how developers relate to requirements for building environmental certification levels (paper IV).The first paper aims to clarify how housing firms see and treat energy efficiency matters in connection to renovation of multi-family buildings constructed during the 1960’s and 70’s. Interviews with housing firms resulted in four ideal housing firm types illustrating that housing firms have more or less incentives to improve energy efficiency. The second paper aimed to study a model for renovation of buildings in a residential area in peripheral Stockholm and to assess how it considers environmental, social and economic sustainability as well as technical concerns.Paper V builds on the results in paper I and aims to identify factors, on a firm level as well as in the surroundings of the firm, that characterize housing firms who own multi-family buildings from the 1960’s and 70’s and who have an ambitious approach to energy efficiency.Paper VI uses information from energy performance certificates to study whether better energy performance increases the selling price of single-family homes, which would increase owners’ incentives to improve energy efficiency.Paper III takes its starting point in an indicated shift in developers’ planning and construction practices for laundry facilities in owner-occupied multi-family buildings. The paper aims to clarify whether a shift has actually occurred from communal laundry rooms to in-unit laundry appliances and to illuminate the impact this could have on residents’ energy consumption for laundry. Paper IV reports the study of how developers who have adopted the environmental certification system LEED relate to the requirements for specific certification levels and how updated requirements risk undermining developers’ incentives for sustainable construction.
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| 5. |
- Högberg, Lovisa
(författare)
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Incentives for energy efficiency measures in post-war multi-family dwellings
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy efficiency is an important question to society as well as to individuals and firms. Improving energy efficiency in the building sector is considered an important means to climate mitigation. For real estate owners energy is also a central expenditure item and reducing energy consumption may directly reduce operation costs while at the same time serve as insurance against future energy price increases. Since new buildings only add a few percent annually to the building stock, the potential to reduce total energy consumption primarily lies within the existing building stock. The building stock is ageing and the post-war part of the stock that is in need of renovation is growing. This has been suggested as a window of opportunity to improve energy efficiency, but so far the results have been few. Several factors have been put forward to explain the so called energy efficiency gap – the difference between actual and optimal energy efficiency – one of which is split incentives. What adds to complexity in this case is that distinct differences have been observed in the level of ambition between the real estate companies that have renovated so far. Some companies have undertaken extensive renovation and energy efficiency measures, whereas other companies have done little more than urgent maintenance measures. It seems that real estate owners in general don´t have strong economic incentives to improve energy efficiency in connection to renovation – but what can then explain the differences between strategies? This licentiate thesis examines the incentives among real estate owners to improve energy efficiency, particularly in post-war, multi-family buildings in need of renovation. The purpose is to add knowledge about decisions concerning measures that improve energy efficiency - in terms of incentives, barriers and different motives for real estate owners’ strategies and actions. Results show that real estate owners lack strong economic incentives to invest in energy efficiency in multi-family buildings and the level of investment is dependent on the different motivations, grouped in three levels of ambition, that real estate companies have. One important conclusion is that the heterogeneity between companies that was exposed in the interviews and survey implies that they will not respond similarly to policy stimuli. The heterogeneity should thus be considered when designing policy measures so that public and company resources can be allocated as efficiently as possible, as there are many challenges facing owners of post-war residential buildings. Another conclusion is that from an economic point of view it is important to take the interaction between different measures into account, e.g. between physical measures and measures focusing on changing household behavior.
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| 6. |
- Högberg, Lovisa, et al.
(författare)
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Incentives for improving energy efficiency when renovating large-scale housing estates : A Case Study of the Swedish Million Homes Programme
- 2009
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 1:4, s. 1349-1365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has adopted ambitious energy savings objectives for buildings, but at the current rate of energy efficiency investments the objectives are unlikely to be reached. In this article we report the early findings of how real estate owners reason and act in energy efficiency investment decisions. Based on the results from interviews with the real estate companies, the companies have been divided into four ideal types that illuminate the differences in energy efficiency ambition and strategies; the Strict Profit Maximizing Company, the Little Extra Company, the Policy Led Ambitious Company and the Administration Led Ambitious Company. The different strategies will determine how the companies respond to incentives to invest in energy efficiency, and affect the overall result in the energy efficiency work. The ideal types hence are important to have in mind when designing policies to increase energy efficiency.
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| 7. |
- Lind, Hans, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Incitament för energieffektivisering i 60- och 70-talets bostadsbestånd
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Startpunkten för det projekt som sammanfattas i denna rapport var ett antal observationer och hypoteser. Det första konstaterandet var att den stora del av vårt bostadsbestånd som byggdes under det sk miljonprogrammet nu står inför omfattande renoveringar. Det ligger då nära tillhands att se detta som en möjlighet att samtidigt göra insatser som minskar energiförbrukningen. En andra utgångspunkt för projektet var dock att bostadsföretagen agerade väldigt olika i denna situation. Vissa gjorde stora insatser för att minska energiförbrukningen medan andra inte gjorde det. Frågan uppstod hur incitamenten egentligen såg ut för att energieffektivisera i samband med upprustningen av miljonprogramshus.Lite tillspetsat kan man säga att det fanns två konkurrerande huvudhypoteser. Den ena hypotesen sa att orsaken till att inte mer gjordes helt enkelt var att det inte var lönsamt att göra så mycket. Den andra hypotesen sa att det fanns många lönsamma åtgärder men att företagen av olika anledningar inte genomförde dem.Resultaten från studien kan sammanfattas i följande punkter:- Det finns en stor potential för energieffektivisering i bostadsbeståndet från 60- och 70-talen Även om det naturligtvis finns stora variationer beroende på hur husen fungerar idag kan det handla om besparingar på kring 30%. Många företag har redan gjort betydande insatser och fler planerar åtgärder.- Resultaten i denna studie talat enligt vår mening för att den andra hypotesen ovan: Orsaken till att inte mer görs är helt enkelt att det inte är mer som är lönsamt. Kan det vara en tillfällighet att inga privata företag i denna studie klassats som ”ambitiösa”, dvs gjort eller planerar mycket genomgripande insatser för att minska energiförbrukningen? Kan alla dessa företag ”räkna fel”? Och varför verkade de företag som gjort mest vara minst intresserade av att diskutera ekonomiska kalkyler och ekonomiska resultat? Den metod som sägs visa att många åtgärder är lönsamma – genom att man räknar med ”paket” av åtgärder innebär i praktiken att man sänker avkastningskravet på investerade medel.- När det gäller kalkylering rekommenderar vi att nuvärdesmetoden används eftersom den är tydlig och transparent så att antaganden om investeringskostnader, besparingar ochavkastningskrav blir tydliga. Det är också viktigt att skilja mellan lönsamheten hos själva åtgärden och hur det kan påverka företagets redovisade resultat. Kalkyler handlar dock inte bara om att bedöma om en åtgärd är lönsam utan också om vad som är den rätta tidpunkten för en åtgärd. Samspelet mellan tekniska åtgärder, ekonomiska incitament ochbeteende förändringar måste också tas hänsyn till i kalkylen.- Det finns incitamentsproblem när det gäller energieffektiviseringar men dessa är enligt vår mening inte så allvarliga. Genom förhandlingar mellan hyresvärd och hyresgäst kan man hantera de problem som har att göra med kallhyra/varmhyra. Ju mer kvalitetsinriktad som hyressättningen generellt blir, desto mer gynnsamt är det ur ett incitamentsperspektiv. Fjärrvärmetaxor har ofta en rörlig del som är större än marginalkostnaden vilket stärker energisparincitamenten. Om vår bedömning är korrekt, och det inte sker några stora tekniska genombrott, krävs ytterligare statliga åtgärder för att nå de långsiktiga målen.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lind, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Renovation Strategy in the Swedish Million Homes Programme : A Case Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has a large multifamily housing stock that was built between 1960 and 1975. An important current issue is how this stock can be renovated in a sustainable way. The article analyses a strategy used by a suburban municipal housing company that had clear social ambitions and offered the tenants three options of renovation: Mini, Midi and Maxi. Most tenants chose the Mini alternative which meant that they could afford to stay and that there was no increase in costs for the social authorities. An investment analysis showed that the Mini alternative had a positive net present value, but that the Midi and Maxi alternatives were more profitable. Even though there was no clear environmental focus in the renovation, energy use was reduced by 8%. As a conclusion, the study shows that a sustainable renovation is possible but that there are a number of conflicts between the different dimensions of sustainability.
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| 10. |
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