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- Abbasian, Saeid, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the financing gap between native born women- and immigrant women-owned firms at the start-up stage : Empirical evidence from Swedish data
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:2, s. 157-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence which identifies the impact of ethnicity and other relevant variables on external capital acquisition among Swedish women-owned businesses at start-up. Design/methodology/approach: Several methods have been employed to analyze the sample including a binary logistic regression model. The sample consists of 836 women-owned businesses in southeast Sweden; 97 immigrant-owned, 739 native born-owned. Findings: The results indicate that there are partly significant differences between native women-owned firms and immigrant woman-owned businesses at start-up. Unlike the native-owned firms, the immigrant woman-owned businesses rely more on loans from family members and less on bank loans. Practical implications: The results reveal that age has a positive impact on loans from family members, while the additional job outside one's own business, the amount of the owner's personal start-up capital and firm size positively influenced access to capital from banks. The owners' level of education, previous business experience, the legal form taken by the firm and the industry affiliation conversely played no significant role in explaining the women owners' attitudes toward loans from either friends or the bank. Originality/value: To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first empirical investigation addressing this issue in the Swedish context.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Abbasian, Saeid, et al.
(författare)
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The determinant of external financing at the start-up stage : Empirical evidences from Swedish data
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development. - Switzerland : InderScience Publishers. - 1746-0573 .- 1746-0581. ; 10:1, s. 124-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small firms in general have limited access to funding, which is a major problem for entrepreneurs. In particular, this problem is evident for women and ethnic minority groups. The purpose of the study is to examine empirically the impact of gender, ethnicity and other relevant variables on the access to external financing of new small firms. A sample of 2,764 female– and male–owned small businesses, based on a unique and large database gathered through interviews, was investigated employing binary logistic regression models. The results suggest that both gender and ethnicity are significant explanatory variables influencing the access to external capital at the start–up stage. Entrepreneurs' age, experience of starting businesses and education, as well as additional jobs beside their own business, are other variables that influence the way in which entrepreneurs finance their business. Moreover, firm characteristics in terms of personal start–up capital, firm size and legal form have an impact on financing behaviour at start–up. Since the knowledge about this issue is limited, the results of this study add to our understanding of the variables affecting the behaviour of small business endeavours in seeking funding at start–up
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| 4. |
- Abbasian, Saeid, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Owner and Firm Characteristics on External Capital Acquisition at Start-up : Empirical Evidences from Swedish Data
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Business Research. - Toronto- Canada : Canadian Center of Science and Education. - 1913-9004 .- 1913-9012. ; 5:12, s. 19-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates whether owner and firm characteristics influence the use of external financing sources among Swedish small-owned firms at start-up stage. Several methods, including multinomial binary logistic regression have been employed to analyse a unique and comprehensive firm-level database, consisting of 2,814 firms gathered through interviews. The results show that three variables, i.e., loans from family members and friends, bank debt and funding from angel investors, are significant in distinguishing between Swedish native and immigrant-owned firms in the acquisition of financial sources in start-up. In addition, immigrant-owned firms tend to relay more on informal financial sources e.g. loan from family member, friends and angel investors, and less on bank loan. Furthermore, whereas, ethnicity influences the change of all these four variables significantly, gender merely affects loans from family members. Other variables, such as the owners’ age, prior experience in business, education, having an additional job beside one’s own business, the amount of personal start-up capital and firm size, as well as legal form and industry affiliation are partly important to explain the acquisition use of external capital at start-up stage.
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| 5. |
- Kremel, Anna, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Business Networks at Start-up : Swedish Native-Owned and Immigrant-Owned Companies
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - UK : InderScience Publishers. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 22:3, s. 307-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to examine the differences between native Swedish and immigrant entrepreneurs' business networks at start-up stage. The study is based on a database consisting of 261 immigrant- and 2,463 native-owned companies, applying several univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Immigrant entrepreneurs' business networks are less likely to include mainstream contacts at the start-up stage than native born entrepreneurs. Thus, ethnicity is an important variable explaining differences in such networks at the start-up stage. A combination of both mainstream and immigrant networks has the potential to give rise to more growth for immigrant-owned businesses. As a result, these businesses may have potential to create new jobs for unemployed immigrants. This study provides a deeper understanding of how ethnicity may influence the entrepreneurs' use of business networks. It may lead to policy makers considering access to mainstreaming networks as an important issue in the social and economic integration.
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| 6. |
- Rad, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Female and male risk aversion : An empirical study of loan officers’ assessment of SME loan applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 6:2, s. 121-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The aim of the paper is to analyse female and male loan officers' (LOs) risk aversion as they assess different types of small- and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) loan applications.Design/methodology/approach – The data were gathered from a sample of 75 Swedish LOs, using the repertory grid technique and related questions. The data were analysed statistically.Findings – The findings demonstrate that female LOs focus more on collateral (used as a proxy for risk aversion) in their evaluations of first-time loan applications than male LOs. However, the findings also suggest that there are no significant differences between the two groups as far as risk aversion when they evaluate additional loan applications. The other variables controlled for (age, tenure, insight, education, and location) did not significantly affect the LOs' risk aversion.Research limitations/implications – The study might have benefited from the use of complementary data collection approaches. Access to actual assessment and decision-making procedures could have increased the understanding of female and male LOs' attitudes toward risk.Practical implications – The findings suggest that by the use of female-male LO teams, banks may achieve more balanced assessments of SMEs' loan applications.Originality/value – To the authors' knowledge, the literature has not explicitly addressed risk aversion among female and male LOs with respect to different types of bank loans. Moreover, the authors investigated risk aversion in the context of standardised assessments procedures used to reduce exposure to credit risk.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Salman, A. Khalik, et al.
(författare)
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Profitability in Swedish Micro-Firms : a quantile regression approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Business Research. - Canada : Canadian Center of Science and Education. - 1913-9004 .- 1913-9012. ; 5:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to identify a function for the profitability of Swedish micro firms in the sectors of health, transport, trade and metal. In order to understand how micro firms relate to key variables, such as firm size, growth of sales, productivities, lagged profits, asset turnover and firm’s age, OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), and the more robust quantile regression techniques, are used to estimate micro-firm profitability. Data from 2007 is used for this purpose. The results show that growth (competitive condition) and total factor productivity (comparative advantage) have a significant positive effect on micro-firm profitability, and that size (diminishing returns states) is found to have a rather significant negative effect on micro-firm profitability. The results also indicate a strong relationship between microeconomic theory suggestions and micro-firm profitability for the all micro firms except those in the metal sector. Moreover, the quantile regression approach provided a better understanding, regarding the dynamics of the factors that affect profitability, and provided more interesting results than OLS normally do.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Yazdanfar, Darush, et al.
(författare)
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Acquisition of external capital at start-up stage : Differences between Swedish female- and male-owned firms
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 15:4, s. 435-451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research explores differences in external capital acquisition between female- and male-owned firms at start-up stage in Sweden. The study sample is taken from a unique and large database including 836 female- and 1928 male-owned firms in 2008, giving a total of 47,022 observations. ANOVA, multinomial logistic regression, and other robust statistical tests are employed to analyse the data. The results indicate that two variables, i.e., loans from family members and government grants, are significant in distinguishing between female- and male-owned firms in terms of external start-up capital. The findings also indicate that owners' previous experience and having an additional job outside one's own business influence the use of external capital at start-up stage. Knowledge of the difference between female- and maleowned firms' use external capital at start-up stage is limited and ambiguous. The present results contribute to research into small firm financing by adding insight into the relationships between capital acquisition, gender, and other variables. Copyright © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
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