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| 2. |
- Aklilu, Abenezer Zeleke, et al.
(författare)
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Economic incentives for carbon sequestration: a review of the literature
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this study is to review studies in economics on policies for carbon sequestration. Specific design problems are associated with heterogeneous land holders, additionality and permanence in carbon projects, and the risk of leakage. It was found that a large part of the literature, which started in the late 1980s, has been focused on the calculation of costs for carbon sequestration, mainly in forests, and on calculations of cost savings from its introduction in climate programs. Results from the literature point to cost savings of up to 40%. The small body of literature on transaction costs, mainly attributed to monitoring and verification, indicates that these costs are modest. The literature on policy design is much more scant, and the main part suggests discounting of the carbon sink value to account for the uncertainty. Assessment of equilibrium prices in the many existing voluntary and regulatory carbon sink markets shows a lower price of carbon sink compared with certain abatement of fossil fuels. This can be explained by risk discounting. A few studies suggest contract design for self-enforcement of efficient carbon projects. This has not yet been implemented in carbon sink offsets in practice, the carbon trade of which corresponds to approximately 0.3% of all carbon trade.
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| 3. |
- Amuakwa Mensah, Franklin, et al.
(författare)
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Fungi diversity in Swedish forests: impact of site quality on standing volume and variability in forest growth
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The impact of biodiversity on forest ecosystem function and provision of ecosystem services has been investigated by many studies, but not the stability in these impacts. This paper calculates the effect of a fungi indicator, forest site quality, on standing volume and variability in forest growth in different forest regions in Sweden. We account for management practices, make use of time series data for a period of approximately 50 years, and estimate forest growth functions totally and for different regions in Sweden. Uncertainty is calculated as the conditional variance in forest growth rate, and the biodiversity indicator together with management practices are used as explanatory variables. Fully modified OLS is used to account for serial correlation and non-stationarity in the variables. The results show that the fungi diversity indicator adds positively to forest growth and growth rate, but increases uncertainty in the growth rate.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Samhällsekonomiska aspekter på svensk livsmedelsberedskap – ett nationellt och regionalt perspektiv
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att beräkna ekonomiska effekter av minskad import av insatsvaror till jordbruket och av livsmedel till konsumenterna, och av störningar i transporter mellan olika regioner i Sverige. En minskad import av någon vara medför effekter på och anpassningar av en aktör som sedan sprids vidare till andra sektorer. Kostnader beräknas för producenters och konsumenters anpassningar till ändrade betingelser samtidigt som krav ställs på en viss miniminivå på medborgarnas näringsintag. Beräkningar sker med en partiell jämviktsmodell av det svenska livsmedelsystemet (SASM) som inkluderar tre olika aktörer; jordbrukare, förädlingsled och konsumenter. Den deskriptiva analysen pekar på en stark koncentration särskilt av förädlingsindustrin till södra Sverige, vilket innebär en sårbarhet för de nordliga regionerna. En systematisk analys av kostnader för en halverad import av olika insatsvaror till primärproduktionen, livsmedel för konsumtion och transportkapacitet inom landet pekar på att kravet på näringsintag kan upprätthållas i olika delar av landet. Kostnaden av anpassning i form av minskad produktion och konsumtion kan dock bli hög och uppgå till 101 miljarder kronor per år när samtliga störningar i handel sker samtidigt. Skillnaderna i kostnader mellan norra och södra Sverige är dock stora där kostnaden per invånare kan bli dubbelt så hög i norra Sverige som i södra.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Wild boars and farming in Sweden : an assessment of the costs
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wild boar is among the most wide spread mammal in the world and is known to cause serious damages for farmers in terms of crop losses and impacts on farm infrastructure. This study estimate farmers’ cost of wild boar in Sweden, and how it is determined by land scape diversity, proxies for wild boar population, land ownership, feeding and protective measures by the farmer. Data are obtained from a survey of 3200 farmers, and the results indicate an average annual cost of SEK 28843/farm or SEK 305/ha, of which 62% arises from crop losses and 28% from adjustment and protection costs. However, 60% of the farmers reported no damage cost, and we therefore examined the determinants of the probability of damage cost and, when it occurs, the size. It was found that proxies of wild boar abundance and land scape diversity have significant and positive impact on the likelihood and magnitude of costs. Diversity in the landscape gives access to hiding opportunities for the pigs when searching for food in the agricultural fields. Share of area with forage, rented land, arable land, and protective measures all showed significant and positive effects on the size of the damage cost.
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