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- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Egalitarianism and Growth
- 1991
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Are competitive wage premia an obstacle to growth? The answer of the architects of the Scandinavian "model" in the 1950s and 60s was in the affirmative: By punishing expansive and growth enhancing sectors of the economy competitive wage premia put an unwarranted drag on the rate of structural change. We formalize this intuition using a two sector endogenous growth model, considering both open and closed economy cases. We also show that egalitarian pay compression, combined with active labor market policies, works exactly in the same way as an industrial policy of subsidizing sunrise industries.
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- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Fiscal Policy when Monetary Policy is Tied to the Mast
- 1994
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper analyses the time inconsistency problem of both exchange rate and fiscal policy in a small open economy. The equilibrium under discretion is characterised by inflation and a deficit. Commitment of the exchange-rate instrument only, e.g., through membership in a European monetary union with low inflation, contributes to price stability but increases the deficit. Whether the government will prefer this outcome to the discretionary one depends on the structure of the economy: commitment appears more favourable, the more open is the economy. The time-consistency arguments strengthen the case for simultaneous commitment of monetary and fiscal policy for inflation-prone countries joining a monetary union.
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- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Macroeconomic Externalities : Are Pigovian Taxes the Answer?
- 1991
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Basic welfare economics tells us that many types of externalities can be remedied by proper use of corrective taxes and subsidies. This paper shows that this notion also extends to the macroeconomic externalities discussed in recent Keynesian literature on nominal price rigidities. The derived policy rules are lindred in spirit to standard Keynesian policy prescriptions: Progressive income taxes may serve a useful role in combating wasteful economic fluctuations. However, unlike older fix-price models of automatic stabilizers, progressive taxes work in our monopolistic economy because they directly affect the pricing mechanism.
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- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Wage Fairness and International Trade Theory and Policy
- 1991
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We show how an extended theory of fair wages, in which workers also care about the functional distribution of income, can be incorporated in the two-by-two Heckscher-Ohlin model. An important feature of the model is the existence of involuntary unemployment. Several results stand out. First, there is no longer a simple relation between measures of factor abundance and trade patterns. First, there is no longer a simple relation between measures of factor abundance and trade patterns. Second, factor-price equalization will generally not occur. Third, differences in social norms explain why terms of trade shocks produce nonuniform adjustments in real wages and unemployment across otherwise similar countries. Fourth, losses from trade may occur. Finally, in countries where fairness considerations are important, tariffs may increase overall employment.
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- Agurell, Eva, 1958-
(författare)
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Comparative studies of alkylating and N-heterocyclic compounds on different genetic endpoints with special emphasis on amplification of minisatellite sequences
- 1992
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several mutational events are involved in the multistage process of cancer. Genetic instability of tumor DNA is shown in a variety of genetic changes such as point mutations, chromosomal aberrations, aneuploidy, DNA amplification and somatic recombination. Highly repetitive sequences, minisatellite DNA, have been changed in tumors, most probably by DNA amplification.To better predict carcinogens all these genetic changes should be considered. The present investigation has focused on the study of genetic changes especially DNA amplification with the use of genetic instability of minisatellites. DNA alterations in human bladder tumors were examined. A new in vitro test system was developed to study DNA amplification.In this study DNA fingerprint analysis, with the use of minisatellite DNA, of 22 bladder tumor patients is performed. DNA alterations were determined in approximately 50% of the examined bladder tumor patients. In eight of these ten patients a loss of bands was demonstrated.To study DNA amplifications an in vitro test system was developed. A haploid yeast strain was constructed, the TR(MS1)-1, which carries a chromosomal integration of the human minisatellite sequence MSI. The spontaneous frequency of new MSI length alleles was approximately 30%. Both amplifications and deamplifications can be detected in this system without selection. A plasmid pop-out frequency can also be meausured.A number of model compounds was used during this study, namely three alkylating agents, a nongenotoxic carcinogen and several nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. To compare genotoxicity and the mechanism of action, these compounds are tested in several in vitro test systems. Ethylene oxide (EO) was demonstrated to be more potent than propylene oxide (PO) in several of the measured endpoints in yeast. EO induced changes in the amplification spectrum of new MSI length alleles in TR(MS1)-1 while PO increased the plasmid pop-out frequency. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (TCDD) was also seen to induce changes in the amplification spectrum of new MSI length alleles, thus demonstrating an effect of TCDD at the DNA level. Among the N-heterocyclic compounds, camptothecin increased the plasmid pop-out frequency in TR(MS1)-1. Two tryptophan photoproducts, "284" and "312", were shown to bind to the A A-receptor. They were demonstrated to be nongenotoxic and antimutagenic in bacteria and slightly genotoxic in yeast. These two compounds are antimutagenic by inhibiting the cytochrome P450IA1. "284" increased cell survival or cell division. These two tryptophan photoproducts, ”284" and "312", are postulated to be biological signal substances by being the endogenous ligand to the Ah -receptor.
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