| 1. |
- Gustavsson, Fredrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Frictional behavior of self-adaptive nanostructural Mo-Se-C coatings in different sliding conditions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 303:1-2, s. 286-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sliding properties of Mo-Se-C coatings with two different carbon content deposited by magnetron sputtering were investigated in different sliding environments (argon, nitrogen, dry and humid air). Both coatings had a structure that was identified as randomly oriented structures of MoSe2 embedded into amorphous carbon matrix. The worn surfaces, i.e. the wear tracks and the wear scars of the balls, were analyzed by optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The material transferred to the ball steel surfaces was almost exclusively MoSe2, whereas the wear tracks on the coatings were more complex, with areas rich in MoSe2 and areas similar to that of as-deposited coatings. The friction was lowest in argon (0.012 at a load of 10 N) and highest in humid air, but still remarkably low; as best 0.05 at 10 N load; however, the exceptionally low wear rate was almost identical. Thus, we focused our detailed analysis on these two examples to understand the mechanisms responsible for the difference between the friction coefficients. SEM, EDX, XPS, Raman and TEM with EELS and EDX were applied to investigate the composition and structure of localized spots of interest on the tested surfaces. In both cases, we observed well-ordered MoSe2 tribofilms with negligible amount of oxides. Carbon was not present in the sliding interfaces, although large amount of carbon was found outside the contacts on both surfaces. Based on our investigations, we suggest the increase in friction of Mg-Se-C in humid air is primarily due to the increase in shear strength of the MoSe2 structure by the presence of water molecules in the sliding interface
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| 2. |
- Gustavsson, Fredrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoparticle based and sputtered WS2 low-friction coatings : differences and similarities with respect to friction mechanisms and tribofilm formation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 232, s. 616-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- MoS2 and WS2 are widely known intrinsic low-friction materials that have been extensively used and thoroughly investigated in literature. They are commonly produced in the form of sputtered coatings and show extremely low friction coefficients in non-humid environments, but rapidly degrade in humid conditions. Close nested fullerene-like nanoparticles of these materials have been proposed to have better oxidation resistance due to their closed form with the absence of dangling bonds. In the present study, an electrochemically deposited coating consisting of fullerene-like nanoparticles of WS2 embedded in a Ni-P matrix is tested under various loads and humidity conditions and compared with a sputtered WS2 coating with respect to their tribological behavior. The formation of a tribofilm on both surfaces is known to be crucial for the low-friction mechanism of WS2 and the different mechanisms behind this formation for the two types of coatings are investigated. It is shown that despite the completely different transformation processes, the resulting tribofilms are very similar. This is analyzed thoroughly using SEM, AES and TEM. The friction coefficient is known to be lower at higher normal loads for these materials and in the present study the mechanical and chemical responses of the tribofilm to higher normal loads during sliding are investigated. It was observed that the basal planes become aligned more parallel to the surface at higher loads, and that the tribofilm is less oxidized. It is suggested that these mechanisms are connected and are crucial keys to the wear life of these materials. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Gustavsson, Fredrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-low friction of W-S-N solid lubricant coating
- 2013
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 232, s. 541-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- W-S-N films were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering from WS2 target in Ar/N-2 atmosphere. Besides the standard evaluation of composition, structure, morphology, hardness and cohesion/adhesion, the core objective of this paper was to analyze coating tribological behavior. The chemical composition was 34 at.%N, 12 at%O, 29 at.%W and 25 at.%S, and the as-deposited films were completely amorphous. The film thickness was 23 pm, including the approximately 300-nm thick adhesion improving titanium interlayer. The friction coefficient was lower than 0.003 when sliding in dry nitrogen. The coating showed remarkable wear resistance surviving more than 2 million laps on pin-on-dics. The excellent friction properties were attributed to the formation of a thin tungsten disulfide tribofilm on the top of the wear track of the coating and on the counterpart surface. Moreover, the coating showed ability to replenish damaged areas with solid lubricant. We demonstrated that a structural transformation of the coating from an amorphous-like to a gradient quasi-ordered structure and an ordered transfer layer formation improved mechanical properties and radically decreased friction and wear.
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| 4. |
- André, Benny
(författare)
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Nanocomposites for Use in Sliding Electrical Contacts
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis nanocomposite materials for use in high performance electrical contacts are tested. Self mating silver as coatings on cupper substrates are the most used material combination in power connectors today. In this work two new concepts were tested. The first one was to change one of the mating surfaces to a hard thin coating and keep the other surface made of silver. Tested coatings were nanocomposites with hard carbides in a matrix of amorphous carbon. TiC/a-C and Ti-Ni-C/a-C were tested both electrically and tribologically. The total amount of carbon and the amount of carbon matrix was important, both for the electrical and the tribological properties. The Ti-Ni-C coating also showed that substituting Ti in TiC with the weak carbide former Ni changed the stability of the carbides. The substitution resulted in more a-C matrix and less C in the carbides. Thin coatings of nc-TiC/a-C and Ti-Ni-C/a-C showed high potential as material candidates for use in electrical contacts. The other tested concept was to modify the used silver instead of replacing it. This was done by embedding nanoparticles of solid lubricant IF-WS2 in the silver. The results from reciprocating sliding displayed low friction and high wear resistance. The modified silver surfaces lasted for 8000 strokes with a friction of about 0.3 while at the same time allowing for a low contact resistance. The results for surfaces of pure silver coating displayed a friction of 0.8-1.2 and that the silver was worn through already after 300 strokes. A new method to investigate inherent hardness and residual stress of thin coatings, on complex geometries or in small areas, was also developed. An ion beam was used to create stress free coating as free standing micro pillars. Hardness measured on the pillars and on as-deposited coating were then used to calculate the residual stress in the coatings.
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| 5. |
- Heinrichs, Jannica, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of binder metal on wear initiation of cemented carbides in sliding contact with granite
- 2021
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 470-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drill bits equipped with WC-Co cemented carbide buttons offer great performance in many rock drilling applications. Generally, the wear of these buttons against the rock is gradual and moderate, or even slow depending on the rock conditions. However, the Co binder has recently been found to cause health issues and an alternative binder, which does not compromise the performance of the cemented carbide, is needed. In the present work, the performance of WC-Fe and WC-Ni is investigated and compared to the common WC-Co in a sliding test against granite.The results show immediate scrape-off of granite against protruding WC grain edges. Some WC grains crack and fragments are subsequently removed, adding up to loss of entire WC grains. A nanoscale pattern gradually evolves on other WC grains, implying also nanoscale wear. Both WC-Fe and WC-Ni show significantly faster wear initiation and early propagation compared to WC-Co, although the wear characteristics are similar.
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| 6. |
- Gustavsson, Fredrik, 1977-
(författare)
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Triboactive Component Coatings : Tribological Testing and Microanalysis of Low-Friction Tribofilms
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Coatings are often used on critical components in machines and engines to reduce wear and to provide low friction in order to reduce energy losses and the environmental impact.A triboactive coating not only provides this desired performance, it also actively maintains the low friction by a structural or chemical change in a very thin top layer of these already micrometer thin coatings. This so-called tribofilm is often 5-50 nm thick and can be formed either from the coating itself or by a reaction with the counter surface or the surrounding atmosphere, i.e. gas, fuel, oil, etc. The tribofilm will maintain the wanted performance for as long as the system is not chemically disturbed.This thesis provides a detailed overview of the functionality of triboactive low-friction coatings, in many different systems. The majority of the tribofilms discussed, formed in very different environments, are built up by tungsten disulfide (WS2), which is a material similar to graphite, with a lamellar structure where strongly bonded atomic planes may slip over each other almost without resistance. The major difference is that WS2 is an intrinsically triboactive material, while graphite is not. However, graphite and other carbon-based materials can be made triboactive in certain atmospheres or by addition of other elements, such as hydrogen.The remarkable affinity and driving force to form such WS2 low-friction tribofilms, regardless of the initial states of the sulfur and tungsten, and even when the forming elements are present only at ppm levels, is a recurrent observation in the thesis.Addition of an alloying element to sputtered coatings of WS2 can improve its mechanical and frictional properties significantly. Several promising attempts have been made to find good candidates, out of which a few important ones are investigated in this thesis. Their achievable potential in friction reductions is demonstrated.By reducing friction, energy losses can be avoided, which also results in lower particle and exhaust emissions, which directly reduces the environmental impact. Triboactive coatings are shown to be a promising route to significantly improve tribological applications and allow more environmental friendly and energy efficient vehicles.
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| 7. |
- Holmberg, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Residual stresses in TiN, DLC and MoS2 coated surfaces with regard to their tribological fracture behaviour
- 2009
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 267:12, s. 2142-2156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin hard coatings on components and tools are used increasingly due to the rapid development in deposition techniques, tribological performance and application skills. The residual stresses in a coated surface are crucial for its tribological performance. Compressive residual stresses in PVD deposited TiN and DLC coatings were measured to be in the range of 0.03-4 GPa on steel substrate and 0.1-1.3 GPa on silicon. MoS2 coatings had tensional stresses in the range of 0.8-1.3 on steel and 0.16 GPa compressive stresses on silicon. The fracture pattern of coatings deposited on steel substrate were analysed both in bend testing and scratch testing. A micro-scale finite element method (FEM) modelling and stress simulation of a 2 m TiN-coated steel surface was carried out and showed a reduction of the generated tensile buckling stresses in front of the sliding tip when compressive residual stresses of 1 GPa were included in the model. However, this reduction is not similarly observed in the scratch groove behind the tip, possibly due to sliding contact-induced stress relaxation. Scratch and bending tests allowed calculation of the fracture toughness of the three coated surfaces, based on both empirical crack pattern observations and FEM stress calculation, which resulted in highest values for TiN coating followed by MoS2 and DLC coatings, being KC = 4-11, about 2, and 1-2 MPa m1/2, respectively. Higher compressive residual stresses in the coating and higher elastic modulus of the coating correlated to increased fracture toughness of the coated surface.
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| 8. |
- Olander, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Testing scuffing resistance of materials for marine 2-stroke engines : Difficulties with lab scale testing of a complex phenomenon
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 16th Nordic Symposium on Tribology. - 9788792765260
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimising sliding materials of marine two-stroke diesel engine cylinders to reduce the risk for scuffing is imperative because of the high costs associated with replacing the cylinder liner. But how can a complex and poorly understood phenomenon such as scuffing be tested? In this study, the potential to enable material selection based on lab tests is investigated. Experience from ship operation is combined with analysis of lab scale scuffing tests to evaluate the possibilities of gaining applicable knowledge from scuffing testing. Two piston ring materials, a grey cast iron and a plasma sprayed cermet coating, both currently used in engines, were tested. Each of the materials was tested with two surface characters, achieved by run-in in a real engine or by grinding. The ranking of the two materials proved to differ between the two surface characters. In the tests, scuffing could only be detected when all oil had become removed from the contact by being adsorbed by wear debris agglomerates. This, and other critical mechanisms behind scuffing in the tests are thoroughly discussed and compared to possible mechanisms taking place in the engine.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Angserud, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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On a wear test for rock drill inserts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 301:1-2, s. 109-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work wear of cemented carbide rock drill inserts is evaluated by using a rotating rock cylinder as counter surface. The influence on wear rate and degradation mechanisms from varying dry and wet conditions, cemented carbide grade, abrasive particle type and size as well as load is studied. The used abrasive media are alumina and silica.Test results show high repeatability and the three tested cemented carbide grades can be differentiated, even though their relative difference in sample hardness is modest. The loads used, 100–200 N, are sufficiently high to cause fracture and wear of the granite rock. The degraded microstructure of inserts tested under wet and dry conditions as well as with added silica particles is similar to field worn inserts. Hence, the same wear mechanisms occur and the test successfully mimics rock drill wear. Typical insert wear includes cracking and fragmentation of WC grains, depletion of Co binder phase and adhered material originating from the rock.Tests under dry conditions always cause less measured wear than tests under wet conditions.Addition of alumina particles, which are harder than the used cemented carbide samples, causes a significant wear rate increase but does not provide wear similar to rock drilling.
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