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- Baric, Vedrana B., et al.
(författare)
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Partnering for change (P4C) in Sweden : a study protocol of a collaborative school-based service delivery model to create inclusive learning environments
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Nature. - 1471-2458. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Inclusive learning environments are considered as crucial for children's engagement with learning and participation in school. Partnering for change (P4C) is a collaborative school-based service delivery model where services are provided at three levels of intensity based on children's needs (class, group-, individual interventions). Interventions in P4C are provided universally to support all children with learning, not only children with special education needs (SEN), and as such are expected to be health-promoting.Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of P4C as well as school staff members' and children's experiences after P4C.Methods: In a parallel, non-randomised controlled intervention design, 400 children, aged 6-12 years, and their teachers, will be recruited to either intervention classes, working according to the P4C, or to control classes (allocation ratio 1:1). Data will be collected at baseline, post-intervention (4 months), and 11 months follow-up post baseline. The primary outcome is children's engagement with learning in school. Secondary outcomes include for example children's health-related quality of life and wellbeing, occupational performance in school, attendance, and special educational needs. The difference-in-differences method using regression modelling will be applied to evaluate any potential changes following P4C. Focus group interviews focusing on children, and professionals' experiences will be performed after P4C. A health economic evaluation of P4C will be performed, both in the short term (post intervention) and the long term (11-month follow-up). This study will provide knowledge about the effectiveness of P4C on children's engagement with learning, mental health, and wellbeing, when creating inclusive learning environments using a combination of class-, group- and individual-level interventions.
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- Beckman, Ludvig, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence and democratic legitimacy. The problem of publicity in public authority
- 2024
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 39, s. 975-984
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Machine learning algorithms (ML) are increasingly used to support decision-making in the exercise of public authority. Here, we argue that an important consideration has been overlooked in previous discussions: whether the use of ML undermines the democratic legitimacy of public institutions. From the perspective of democratic legitimacy, it is not enough that ML contributes to efficiency and accuracy in the exercise of public authority, which has so far been the focus in the scholarly literature engaging with these developments. According to one influential theory, exercises of administrative and judicial authority are democratically legitimate if and only if administrative and judicial decisions serve the ends of the democratic law maker, are based on reasons that align with these ends and are accessible to the public. These requirements are not satisfied by decisions determined through ML since such decisions are determined by statistical operations that are opaque in several respects. However, not all ML-based decision support systems pose the same risk, and we argue that a considered judgment on the democratic legitimacy of ML in exercises of public authority need take the complexity of the issue into account. This paper outlines considerations that help guide the assessment of whether a ML undermines democratic legitimacy when used to support public decisions. We argue that two main considerations are pertinent to such normative assessment. The first is the extent to which ML is practiced as intended and the extent to which it replaces decisions that were previously accessible and based on reasons. The second is that uses of ML in exercises of public authority should be embedded in an institutional infrastructure that secures reason giving and accessibility.
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- Beckman, Ludvig, et al.
(författare)
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The Democratic Inclusion of Artificial Intelligence? : Exploring the Patiency, Agency and Relational Conditions for Demos Membership
- 2022
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Ingår i: Philosophy & Technology. - : Springer Nature. - 2210-5433 .- 2210-5441. ; 35:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Should artificial intelligences ever be included as co-authors of democratic deci-sions? According to the conventional view in democratic theory, the answer dependson the relationship between the political unit and the entity that is either affectedor subjected to its decisions. The relational conditions for inclusion as stipulatedby the all-affected (AAP) and all-subjected principles (ASP) determine the spatialextension of democratic inclusion. Thus, AI qualifies for democratic inclusion if andonly if AI is either affected or subjected to decisions by the political unit in relevantways. This paper argues that the conventional view is too simple; that it neglectsdemocratic reasons to recognize only agents and/or moral patients as participantsin decision-making. The claim defended is that AAP and ASP implicitly affirmrequirements for agency and patiency. In ASP, the entity included must be an agentunderstood either in terms of legal status, capacity to comply with the law or abil-ity to recognize legitimate authority. In AAP, the entity included must be a patient,understood either in terms of capacity for sentience or consciousness. Thus, the ideahere is to explore the potential democratic inclusion of artificial intelligences by anupdated account of the relevant conditions of agency and patiency that are implicitin democratic theory. Although conceivable that AI is or will be either affected orsubjected in relevant ways to decisions made by political units, it is far less clear thatAI will ever be agents or patients in the sense required for democratic inclusion.
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- Berner, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic and structural studies of immobilized thiol-derivatized cobalt porphyrins on gold surfaces
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 253:18, s. 7540-7548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immobilisation of thiol-derivatized cobalt porphyrins on gold surfaces has been studied in detail by means of combined scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). S-thioacetyl has been used as a protective group for the thiol. Different routes for deprotection of the acetyl groups were performed in acidic and in basic conditions. The results show the formation of monolayer films for the different preparation schemes. The immobilisation of the molecules on the gold surface takes place through the thiol-linkers by the formation of multiple thiolate bonds. In the case of layers formed with protected porphyrins approximately 60% of the linkers are bonded to the gold surface whereas for deprotected layers the amount of bonded linkers is increased up to about 80%. STM measurements revealed that the molecules arrange in a disordered overlayer and do not exhibit mobility on the gold surface. Annealing experiments have been performed in order to test the stability of the porphyrin layers. Disordered patterns have been observed in the STM images after annealing at T = 400 °C. XPS revealed that the sulphur content disappeared completely after annealing at T = 180 °C and that the molecules did undergo significant modifications.
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- Bujacz, Aleksandra, et al.
(författare)
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Not All Are Equal : A Latent Profile Analysis of Well-Being Among the Self-Employed
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Happiness Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1389-4978 .- 1573-7780. ; 21:5, s. 1661-1680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study uses a person-centered approach to distinguish between subpopulations of self-employed individuals using multidimensional well-being indicators. Data were obtained from European Social Survey including a sample of 3461 self-employed individuals from 29 European countries. The analysis has empirically identified six distinct profiles named 'unhappy', 'languishing', 'happy', 'satisfied', 'passionate', and 'flourishing'. The profiles were associated with significant differences in well-being, health and work-related variables. The results highlight the heterogeneity of the self-employed population, and describe the complex-both hedonic and eudaimonic-character of the well-being concept in this population.
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- Buli, Benti Geleta, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in mental health problems among Swedish adolescents : Do school-related factors play a role?
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimThe aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which school-related factors, such as school liking, participation in decision-making, school-related parental support, teachers’ support, and school physical environment, explain trends in mental health problems. The problems considered are psychosomatic symptoms (PSS), depressive symptoms (DS), suicidal ideations (SI), and suicide attempts (SA) among Swedish adolescents of varying socioeconomic status (SES) from 2004 to 2020.MethodsWe analyzed data collected through repeated cross-sectional surveys from 19,873 15-year-old students at schools in a county in Sweden. Boys and girls each constituted 50% of the participants. We fitted linear and logistic regression models to investigate associations between the school-related factors and trends in mental health problems.ResultsIncreased school-related parental support and school liking were cross-sectionally associated with decreased PSS, DS and SI, with school liking also associated with decreased SA. Conducive school physical environment was also found to be cross-sectionally associated with lower PSS and DS scores. Over time, mental health problems have shown a general increase among adolescents in the low SES group and a decrease among those in the high SES group. While school-related factors explained the improvement in mental health in the high SES group, we found such association only between parental support trends in PSS and DS, along with participation and trends in SA over time among adolescents in the low SES group.ConclusionsThe results show that school-related factors play significant roles in influencing adolescent mental health. The influence, however, varied across SES gradients over time. This suggests that working against inequities in school-related factors would help address inequities in mental health.
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| 10. |
- Buli, Benti Geleta, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents and the role of lifestyle factors
- 2024
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2458. ; 24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Adolescent mental health problems are on the rise globally, including in Sweden. One indicator of this trend is increased psychosomatic symptoms (PSS) over time. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA), diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption may influence the time trends in PSS; however, the evidence base is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between time trends in PSS and lifestyle factors.Methods The study was based on data collected from a nationally representative sample of 9,196 fifteen-year-old boys and girls in Sweden using the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) symptom checklist. The sample comprised nearly equal proportions of girls (50.5%) and boys. The lifestyle factors examined in this study included PA, regular breakfast intake, consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, or soft drinks, smoking, and alcohol drunkenness. We used data from 2002 to 2018 and stratified by family affluence scale (FAS) to demonstrate how the associations varied among the FAS groups. We fitted separate regression models for the high- and low-FAS groups, where interaction terms between the year of survey and each lifestyle factor were used to estimate the level and direction of associations between the factors and trends in PSS.Results There was a generally increasing trend in PSS mean scores from 2.26 in 2002 to 2.49 in 2018 (p <.001). The changes in each survey year compared to the average mean scores during the preceding years were significant in all years except 2010. Regular breakfast intake, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and higher PA were associated with lower PSS mean scores, while smoking and drunkenness had opposite associations with PSS. The only significant interaction between survey year and the lifestyle factors was observed regarding drunkenness in the high FAS group, suggesting that the association between trends in PSS and the experience of getting drunk at least twice got stronger over time (B = 0.057; CI:0.016, 0.097; p <.01).Conclusions The results indicate increasing trends in PSS among young people in Sweden from 2002 to 2018, with a significant increase observed among adolescents in the high FAS group who reported getting drunk on at least two occasions.
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