| 1. |
- Almgren, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Role of fibre-fibre and fibre-matrix adhesion in stress transfer in composites made from resin-impregnated paper sheets.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-7496 .- 1879-0127. ; 29:5, s. 551-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paper-reinforced plastics are gaining increased interest as packaging materials, where mechanical properties are of great importance. Strength and stress transfer in paper sheets are controlled by fibre-fibre bonds. In paper-reinforced plastics, where the sheet is impregnated with a polymer resin, other stress-transfer mechanisms may be more important. The influence of fibre-fibre bonds on the strength of paper-reinforced plastics was therefore investigated. Paper sheets with different degrees of fibre-fibre bonding were manufactured and used as reinforcement in a polymeric matrix. Image analysis tools were used to verify that the difference in the degree of fibre-fibre bonding had been preserved in the composite materials. Strength and stiffness of the composites were experimentally determined and showed no correlation to the degree of fibre-fibre bonding, in contrast to the behaviour of unimpregnated paper sheets. The degree of fibre-fibre bonding is therefore believed to have little importance in this type of material, where stress is mainly transferred through the fibre-matrix interface.
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| 2. |
- Bjurhager, Ingela, et al.
(författare)
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State of degradation in archeological oak from the 17th century vasa ship : Substantial strength loss correlates with reduction in (holo)cellulose molecular weight
- 2012
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; :8, s. 2521-2527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1628, the Swedish warship Vasa capsized on her maiden voyage and sank in the Stockholm harbor. The ship was recovered in 1961 and, after polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnation, it was displayed in the Vasa museum. Chemical investigations of the Vasa were undertaken in 2000, and extensive holocellulose degradation was reported at numerous locations in the hull. We have now studied the longitudinal tensile strength of Vasa oak as a function of distance from the surface. The PEG-content, wood density, and cellulose microfibril angle were determined. The molar mass distribution of holocellulose was determined as well as the acid and iron content. A good correlation was found between the tensile strength of the Vasa oak and the average molecular weight of the holocellulose, where the load-bearing cellulose microfibril is the critical constituent. The mean tensile strength is reduced by approximately 40%, and the most affected areas show a reduction of up to 80%. A methodology is developed where variations in density, cellulose microfibril angle, and PEG content are taken into account, so that cell wall effects can be evaluated in wood samples with different rate of impregnation and morphologies.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gamstedt, E. Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of interfacial stress transfer ability of particulate cellulose composite materials
- 2011
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Ingår i: Mechanics of materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6636 .- 1872-7743. ; 43:11, s. 693-704
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Composites with cellulose reinforcements are steadily gaining increased use. The stress transfer ability between reinforcement and polymer matrix has a strong influence on mechanical properties like strength and fracture toughness. This work presents a method to assess the stress transfer ability between cellulose and polymer matrix from a model material with cellulose spheres embedded in a polymer matrix. Such a material show smaller variability compared with composites based on natural cellulose fibres, and is less cumbersome than single fibre tests with regard to interfacial characterization. Measured elastic moduli of particulate composites is compared with predicted values from a micromechanical model based on a composite sphere assembly in a self-consistent scheme with only a spring constant of an imperfect interface as fitting parameter expressed in Pa/m. This interface parameter is identified through inverse modelling and used to quantify stress-transfer ability of cellulose/polylactide and cellulose/polystyrene composite interfaces. A higher degree of interfacial interaction was found for the former. This ranking was corroborated by adhesive force measurements using a micrometre sized cellulose sphere attached to the end of a cantilever in an atomic force microscope. With the model microstructure of a cellulose-sphere composite, an interfacial efficiency parameter can be backed out from stiffness measurements to be used in e.g. ranking of different fibre surface treatments and choice of matrix in the development of stronger natural-fibre composites.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Malmberg, Filip, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of fibre-fibre contact in three-dimensional images of fibrous materials obtained from X-ray synchrotron microtomography
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 637:1, s. 143-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of wood-fibre mats was investigated using high-resolution phase-contrast microtomography at the beamline ID 19 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. A method for data reduction to quantify the degree of fibre-fibre contact has been derived. The degree of fibre-fibre contact and bonding plays a fundamental role in the mechanical properties of cellulose-fibre mats, paper materials and cellulose-fibre composites. The proposed computerised automated method consists of two parts. First, fibre lumens are segmented using a watershed based method. This information is then used to identify fibre-fibre contacts in projections along the z-axis of the material. The method is tested on microtomographic images of mats made of wood pulp fibres, and is shown to successfully detect differences in the amount of fibre-fibre contact between samples. The degree of fibre-fibre contact correlates well with measured out-of-plane strength of the fibrous material.
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| 7. |
- Miettinen, Arttu, et al.
(författare)
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A non-destructive X-ray microtomography approach for measuring fibre length in short-fibre composites
- 2012
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Ingår i: Composites Science And Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0266-3538 .- 1879-1050. ; 72:15, s. 1901-1908
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An improved method based on X-ray microtomography is developed for estimating fibre length distribution of short-fibre composite materials. In particular, a new method is proposed for correcting the biasing effects caused by the finite sample size as defined by the limited field of view of the tomographic devices. The method is first tested for computer generated fibre data and then applied in analyzing the fibre length distribution in three different types of wood fibre reinforced composite materials. The results were compared with those obtained by an independent method based on manual registration of fibres in images from a light microscope. The method can be applied in quality control and in verifying the effects of processing parameters on the fibre length and on the relevant mechanical properties of short fibre composite materials, e.g. stiffness, strength and fracture toughness.
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| 8. |
- Mikczinski, Manuel R., et al.
(författare)
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Nanorobotic Testing to Assess the Stiffness Properties of Nanopaper
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on robotics. - 1552-3098 .- 1941-0468. ; 30:1, s. 115-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the nanorobotic and nondestructive assessment of the stiffness properties of nanopaper made of microfibrillated cellulose. Back-calculations of the Young's modulus show the agreement of the newly found results with conventional tensile testing results, therewith proving nanorobotics as a reasonable complement for conventional testing.
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| 9. |
- Neagu, R. Cristian, et al.
(författare)
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The potential of wood fibers as reinforcement in cellular biopolymers
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of cellular plastics (Print). - 0021-955X .- 1530-7999. ; 48:1, s. 71-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composite foams have been successfully produced using supercritical carbon dioxide. The addition of fibers had a strong effect on microstructure of the foams. An increase in wood fiber content implied smaller average cell size and higher average cell wall thickness as estimated from image analysis of scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Addition of 10 wt% wood fibers seemed to be a limit to obtain foams, with the used processing conditions. The stiffness properties of the foams in compression improved upon addition of wood fibers. A significant increase of specific stiffness was achieved by adding 5-10 wt% wood fibers. It was shown that the stiffness was about 50% higher in the transverse direction for reinforced foams. The strength in the transverse direction increased for foams with unmodified wood fibers but decreased for foams with two types of treated wood fibers as compared with the strength of the pure polylactic acid foam of similar density. A butyl tetracarboxylic acid treatment followed by an additional surfactant treatment results in reduced wood fiber network-forming ability and reduced fiber-matrix adhesion. This contributes to the inferior observed strength properties in this study. The experimental stiffness was comparable with a superposed micromechanical model for a three-phase fiber-reinforced foam. The model shows that increasing the relative density, that is, the ratio of the density of the foam to the density of the composite material, by adding wood fibers results in a noteworthy increase in the transverse compression stiffness of the foams but only at relative density values above 0.2 for the used processing conditions in this study. The key factor for reinforcement is the relation between foam relative density and fiber volume fraction in the preform. The foaming conditions have to be adapted for each wood fiber content to obtain foams with the desired relative density.
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| 10. |
- Nilsson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Compression molded wood pulp biocomposites : A study of hemicellulose influence on cellulose supramolecular structure and material properties
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 19:3, s. 751-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the importance of hemicellulose content and structure in chemical pulps on the property relationships in compression molded wood pulp biocomposites is examined. Three different softwood pulps are compared; an acid sulfite dissolving grade pulp with high cellulose purity, an acid sulfite paper grade pulp and a paper grade kraft pulp, the latter two both containing higher amounts of hemicelluloses. Biocomposites based the acid sulfite pulps exhibit twice as high Young's modulus as the composite based on paper grade kraft pulp, 11-12 and 6 GPa, respectively, and the explanation is most likely the difference in beating response of the pulps. Also the water retention value (WRV) is similarly low for the two molded sulfite pulps (0.5 g/g) as compared to the molded kraft pulp (0.9 g/g). The carbohydrate composition is determined by neutral sugar analysis and average molar masses by SEC. The cellulose supramolecular structure (cellulose fibril aggregation) is studied by solid state CP/MAS 13C-NMR and two forms of hemicellulose are assigned. During compression molding, cellulose fibril aggregation occurs to higher extent in the acid sulfite pulps as compared to the kraft pulp. In conclusion, the most important observation from this study is that the difference in hemicellulose content and structure seems to affect the aggregation behaviour and WRV of the investigated biocomposites.
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