| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Andersson, Svante, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The entrepreneur in the Born global Firm in Australia and Sweden
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most common denominator in Born Global research is probably the importance of the entrepreneur. Following these results this article will go deeper into how the entrepreneur influences the development of a born global firm. Studies have been carried out in many countries. To be able to draw conclusions on how the national context influences the Born Global phenomenon, this study compares findings from both Australia and Sweden. Although there are many studies that have identified the impact of entrepreneurs and management on firms’ internationalisation, there is still a need for more research to enhance the understanding of born global firms’ international behaviour. This study aims to go one step further and try to do a more fine-grained analysis. How do entrepreneurs influence the development of Born Global firms in Australia and Sweden? Through a literature review the following points were identified: Number of people in the top management team International experience and industry experience Marketing/Technical entrepreneur and active/reactive internationalization strategy Global mindset Personal network Method A case approach was considered as the most appropriate to catch the complexity of the Born Global phenomenon. The case studies are mainly built on personal interviews but complemented with secondary data, such as business magazines, annual reports and internal documents. We interviewed the entrepreneurs that were involved in the founding of the Born Global companies. The analysis of the data included several steps. The information from interviews and other sources were written down in descriptive narratives. This process allows the researcher to become intimately familiar with each case and allows the unique patterns of each case to emerge before cross-case comparison. To find common patterns, the cases were compared in terms of the issues identified in the literature review. Earlier theoretical findings were compared with the international development in the Australian and Swedish born global firms. Differences and similarities were discussed. Conclusions In this study we have shown the importance of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial teams for the rapid internationalization of firms in Australia and Sweden. We can conclude that there were no big differences between the developments of the Born Global firms in the two countries. However one interesting difference turned up. In Australia the country image was negative for selling high-tech products within Australia. The country image has an impact on the company for go abroad. In this case it seemed like the country image was more negative within Australia than overseas. In Sweden, the country image was not a problem for the types of product studied. However, in the Swedish medical II case the company had problem to sell their product within Sweden. It has been very hard to get the product financed by the national health care system in Sweden, as the product cannot be classified as medicine or as a mean for disabled. In Germany this was not a problem. This shows that national differences still exists and it is important to deal with them to succeed. The entrepreneurs in the Born Global firms do not see these problems on the home market as discouraging but go on to fin markets overseas. In this study we have focused on the entrepreneurs and found two different types. One common type of Born Global entrepreneur is the experienced employee, who works in a large organization and has ambitions and ideas that he found that he cannot fulfill in the large organisation. He is keen on starting a new business on his own or together with others who share his ideas and ambitions. The other is the younger, not so experienced, but ambitious with new ideas. He/she doesn’t want to be a part of a large organization, but want to fulfill his ideas in an own organisation. Both these types of entrepreneurs have a global mindset that they have acquired in different ways. There is also a difference between marketing and technical entrepreneurs. Even if Born Global entrepreneurs have interests and skills in both these areas they are often most interested in one of these areas. In High-tech industries a fast internationalization can be possible without an active internationalization, as the high-tech product often is very specialized and the home market is too small in countries as Sweden and Australia. Internationalization does not have to be an issue in the founding process in a Born Global firm. In a more mature industry, however, an active internationalization is necessary to expand abroad. The personal networks were very important for the entrepreneurs in the Born Global firms. The entrepreneurs with industry experience could use their contacts to expand their own business. Personal networks were also important to secure finance and to find partners in other areas. When the Born Global firms are created they are small with few financial resources. To be able to expand abroad they must cooperate with many others and these partners are found in personal networks
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Andersson, Svante, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The Internationalization of Born Globals : the Swedish case
- 2001
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Principal TopicBorn Global firms adopt an international approach right from their birth or very shortly thereafter. This behavior challenges the traditional models of internationalization that propose that internationalization is developed in a slow and gradual manner with respect to geographical markets and market entry modes. The “slow and gradual view” of internationalization is very strong in Scandinavia as the creator of one of the most well known models in this area, the Uppsala Internationalization model, is developed in Sweden. The aim of the study is to explore the Born Global phenomena, and to compare it with earlier studies from other nations to further enhance the theory development in this area. Do the already developed framework fit on Swedish Born Globals? Do the framework have to be adopted according to the Swedish environment and culture? Can the general framework be further developed?MethodTo be able to compare our results with earlier studies in the USA, Denmark and Australia the same definitions and methods are used. Born Globals are defined as firms that have reached a share of foreign sales of at least 25% after having started export activities within three years after their birth. Data from a survey is used, followed by qualitative case studies. The database is used to present descriptive statistics and to identify Swedish Born Globals. The case studies are built mainly on personal interviews, but secondary data, such as such as business magazines, annual reports and internal documents have also been used to complement our primary data source. The cases are confronted with each other and with theories used in the framework but also compared with traditional internationalization theory. The framework includes institutional, network, resource-based and entrepreneurship theory.Results and ImplicationsThe results show that, although still a relatively uncommon phenomenon, the ongoing globalization has made it easier for small firms to conduct Born Global strategies. Active entrepreneurs and personal networks were important tools for implementing these strategies. The findings may have implications for practice as well as policy. Maybe can successful behaviors, found in the Born Global firms, be transferred to other firms? Can policy-makers change the firms institutional environment so it will be easier for firms to became Born Globals?
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Andersson, Svante
(författare)
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The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Studies of Management and Organization. - Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe Inc.. - 0020-8825. ; 30:1, s. 63-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are 2 dominant views in international business research: the economic and the process view. In this study it is shown that these views give some insight into the complex phenomenon of the internationalization of the firm. However, the understanding of various international behaviors in the firm's first international ventures as well as of radical strategic changes is enhanced by an analysis focusing on entrepreneurs.
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| 37. |
- Andersson, Svante, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Violent advertising in fashion marketing
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1361-2026 .- 1758-7433. ; 8:1, s. 96-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, violent advertising is discussed. An empirical study, using picture analysis, is carried out. The intent of the advertisers' message is compared with the interpretation of a male and a female consumer group. It is concluded that the consumers' interpretations not are the ones that the advertisers had intended. The violence was interpreted in a much more negative way than expected. It is also concluded that there are differences in interpretations between men and women. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 38. |
- Anheim, F., et al.
(författare)
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Learning organizations in the Swedish construction area
- 2001
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - Göteborg : Dept. of Building Economics and Management, Dept. of Service Management, Chalmers Univ. of Technology. ; , s. 259-266, s. 259-266
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 39. |
- Aronsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Characterisation of the assembly pathway of the pea NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR), with emphasis on the role of its substrate, Pchlide
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physiologia Plantarum. - Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0031-9317 .- 1399-3054. ; 111:2, s. 239-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The homologous import and membrane association of a key enzyme for chlorophyll biosynthesis, the NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (PAR, EC 1.6.99.1) into pea chloroplasts was investigated in vitro. The co-factor, NADPH, decreased binding of the precursor protein (pPOR) to the envelope membranes in the presence of ATP. The decrease of the binding reaction with NADPH was not observed with the precursor of the small subunit of Rubisco (pSS). To investigate possible substrate-dependency for the import reaction, internal Pchlide concentrations in the plastids were raised by either an addition of ÎŽ-aminolevulinic acid to isolated plastids or etiolation of the seedlings prior to plastid isolation. Increased amounts of plastid-bound Pchlide gave no observable differences in POR import. The capacity of POR and 11 different POR mutants, carrying charged-to-alanine scanning substitutions, to form a catalytically active POR-Pchlide-NADPH complex and to associate with the thylakoid membranes in a protease-resistant way were tested. Wild-type POR, as well as the mutants with charge substitutions in the N-terminal region of the protein, exhibited higher catalytic activity than the POR mutants carrying substitutions in the C-terminal region. Formation of a catalytically active complex did not, however, increase the association efficiency onto the thylakoids. We can, therefore, postulate that the import of pea POR into pea chloroplasts was not substrate-dependent, nor did formation of catalytically active complexes stimulate or inhibit the membrane association reaction of POR.
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| 40. |
- Aronsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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POR hits the road : import and assembly of a plastid protein
- 2003
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Ingår i: Plant Molecular Biology. - Berlin : Springer-Verlag. - 0167-4412 .- 1573-5028. ; 51:1, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The biosynthesis of chlorophyll is a strictly light-dependent multistep process in higher plants. The light-dependent step is catalysed by NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, EC.1.6.99.1), which reduces protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). POR is nucleus-encoded and post-translationally imported into plastids. It has been proposed that the import of a POR protein isozyme (PORA) is totally dependent on Pchlide and uses a novel import pathway. This proposal is based on findings that PORA import only occurs in the presence of Pchlide and that the presence of overexpressed precursor of Rubisco small subunit (pSS), a protein which is known to use the general import pathway, does not outcompete PORA import. Another study demonstrated that POR precursor protein (pPOR) can be cross-linked to one of the components in the translocation machinery, Toc75, in the absence of Pchlide, and that its import can be outcompeted by the addition of the pSS. This indicates that pSS and pPOR may use the same translocation mechanism. Thus, POR does not necessarily need Pchlide for import – which is in contrast to earlier observations – and the exact POR import mechanism remains unresolved. Once in the stroma, the POR transit peptide is cleaved off and the mature POR protein is associated to the plastid inner membranes. Formation of the correct membrane–associated, thermolysin-protected assembly is strictly dependent of NADPH. As a final step, the formation of the NADPH-Pchlide-POR complex occurs. When POR accumulates in the membranes of proplastids, an attraction of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) can occur, leading to the formation of prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and the development of etioplasts in darkness.
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