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7 koncept för bättre ergonomi
- 2016
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Fokus för ergonomi inom teknisk design är att se till att all design, oavsett vilket system det avser, kompletterar människans styrkor och förmågor. Vi ska kort och gott se till att arbetsuppgifter, utrustning, apparater, processer, miljöer och organisationer utformas med människan som utgångspunkt istället för att tvinga människan att anpassa sig med olika former av överbelastning som möjlig påföljd. För att uppnå det som kallas användarvänlighet behöver vi förstå och designa för den variation som vi människor representerar: vi är olika, vi har olika åldrar, storlek, styrka, kognitiv förmåga, tidigare erfarenheter, förväntningar och mål. Att tillämpa ergonomisk design betyder att studera hur människor interagerar med produkter, processer, miljöer och system för att förbättra dem, dvs. göra dem enklare, säkrare, bekvämare och effektivare att använda. För att kunna göra det behöver vi kunskap om människans förutsättningar och behov. Ergonomisk design kan exempelvis innebära: - Att designa produkter och utrustning som är enkla och tillförlitliga att använda med utgångspunkt i kunskap om kognitiv ergonomi, antropometri - och belastningsergonomiska analyser- Att designa säkra och effektiva tillverkningsprocesser med utgångspunkt i kunskap om kognitiv ergonomi och belastningsergonomiska analyser- Att designa organisationer utifrån kunskap om arbetslivsfysiologi och organisationsergonomi- Att designa arbetsuppgifter utifrån kunskap om kognitiv ergonomi, biomekanik och belastningsergonomiska analyserAtt designa enkla och användarvänliga gränssnitt med utgångspunkt i kognitiv ergonomiErgonomisk design av en produkt eller en arbetsmiljö kan exempelvis handla om att se till att produkten, systemet eller miljön inte bidrar till att människan använder kroppen på ett sätt som kan bidra till skador eller sjukskrivning. Det kan handla om att minimera fysisk belastning när en uppgift utförs eller att försäkra att den utförs på ett sätt som inte gör att skador uppstår. Det kan även handla om att se till att sensorisk input från olika system är utformad på ett sätt som upplevs som enkelt för användaren och därmed inte bidrar till mental belastning i form av stress. Det kan även handla om att designa organisationen eller hela produktionssystemet på ett sätt som utgår från användaren: människan i systemet. Med kunskaper om människans behov, preferenser, begränsningar, olikheter, erfarenheter och förmågor som utgångspunkt kan vi designa bättre lösningar. Det i sin tur bidrar till säkrare arbetsmiljöer, färre sjukskrivningar och användarvänligare produkter och system. Med mer kunskap kan vi uppnå att produkter, system och miljöer i vår omvärld fungera väl för människan – det är social och ekonomisk hållbar utveckling. Tvärvetenskap är ett begrepp som syftar på olika kunskaper, metoder och expertis från olika vetenskapsområden samverkar. Kursen Ergonomi II vid Luleå tekniska universitet är just tvärvetenskaplig, eftersom både innehåll och projekt i kursen omfattar kunskaper, metoder och tekniker från designvetenskap, hälsovetenskap och arbetsvetenskap. Lärarna i kursen var våren 2016 Daniel Öhrling som har förmedlat kunskap om design i allmänhet och prototypande som en designmetod i synnerhet, Agneta Larsson som har ansvarat för moment inom arbetslivsfysiologi, Ulrik Röijezon som ansvarat för momenten ergonomiska analyser och mätningar i rörelselabbet och Therese Öhrling som med stor kunskap och vilja att utveckla området ergonomisk design har ansvarat för ergonomi och arbetsvetenskap. I bokens första kapitel ges en inblick i belastningsergonomiska problem för målare. Måleriyrket omfattar många olika moment som ger belastning på handleder, rygg, axlar och nacke. I den inledande förstudien har Fanny Åkertröm och Hani Benjnouh fördjupat sig i målares vardag och därefter utvecklat två individuella koncept som syftar till att lösa de identifierade problemen. Lösningen blev två olika designkoncept som ska bidra till färre belastningsrelaterade sjukdomar. Den andra kontext som behandlas är frisöryrket. Frisörer arbetar ofta i arbetsställningar som kan bidra till belastningsergonomiska problem i nacke, rygg, axlar och handleder. Händerna befinner sig ofta i positioner som ger en hög belastning på kroppen. Gustaf Jörnelius, Linnea Stenman och Viktor Berglund har fördjupat sig i frisörers kontext och sedan utvecklat tre individuella designkoncept som kan bidra till bättre välmående för yrkesgrupppen. Joel Lantz och Christina Trång har tittat närmre på personer som arbetar med varuhantering. Denna yrkeskategori kan innebära belastningsergonomiska problem i och med lyft över huvudhöjd, sneda vinklingar i låga positioner och stäckningar i trånga lägen. Joel och Christina har sedan utvecklat två designkoncept som ska bidra till färre belastningsergonomiska skador.
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| 2. |
- Aalipour, Mojgan, et al.
(författare)
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Human reliability assessment (HRA) in maintenance of production process : a case study
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Systems Assurance Engineering and Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0975-6809 .- 0976-4348. ; 7:2, s. 229-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human reliability makes a considerable contribution to the maintenance performance, safety, and cost-efficiency of any production process. To improve human reliability, the causes of human errors should be identified and the probability of human errors should be quantified. Analysis of human error is very case-specific; the context of the field should be taken into account. The aim of this study is to identify the causes of human errors and improve human reliability in maintenance activities in the cable manufacturing industry. The central thrust of this paper is to employ the three most common HRA techniques—human error assessment and reduction technique, standardized plant analysis risk-human reliability, and Bayesian network—for estimating human error probabilities and then to check the consistency of the results obtained. The case study results demonstrated that the main causes of human error during maintenance activities are time pressure, lack of experience, and poor procedure. Moreover, the probabilities of human error, obtained by employing the three techniques, are similar and consistent
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| 3. |
- Abbas, Nahlah, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources of Lesser Zab, Kurdistan, Iraq Using SWAT Model
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8, s. 697-715
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kurdistan in northern Iraq, a semi-arid region, predominantly a pastureland, is nourished by Lesser Zab, which is the second major tributary of Tigris River. The discharge in the tributary, in recent times, has been experiencing increasing variability contributing to more severe droughts and floods supposedly due to climate change. For a proper appreciation, SWAT model has been used to assess the impact of climate change on its hydrological components for a half-centennial lead time to 2046-2064 and a centennial lead time to 2080-2100. The suitability of the model was first evaluated, and then, outputs from six GCMs were incorporated to evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources under three emission scenarios: A1B, A2 and B1. The results showed worsening water resources regime.
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| 4. |
- Abbas, Nahlah, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Al-Adhaim, Iraq Using SWAT Model
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8, s. 716-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SWAT model (Sediment and Water Assessment Tool) was used to evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources in Al-Adhaim Basin which is located in north east of Iraq. Al-Adhaim River is the main source of fresh water to Kirkuk City, one of the largest cities of Iraq. Recent studies have shown that blue and green waters of the basin have been manifesting increasing variability contributing to more severe droughts and floods apparently due to climate change. In order to gain greater appreciation of the impacts of climate change on water resources in the study area in near and distant future, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) has been used. The model is first tested for its suitability in capturing the basin characteristics, and then, forecasts from six GCMs with about half-a-century lead time to 2046-2064 and one-century lead time to 2080-2100 are incorporated to evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources under three emission scenarios: A2, A1B and B1. The results showed worsening water resources regime into the future.
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| 5. |
- Abbas, Nahlah, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of climate change impacts on water resources of Khabour in Kurdistan , Iraq using SWAT model
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 24, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Khabour River is one of five tributaries of Tigris River and the first river flows into Tigris River contributing to Tigris Flow by about 2 BCM at Zakho Station. The area of this catchment is 6,143 km2, of which 57% are located in Turkey and 43% in Iraq with a total length of 181 km. Khabour River is the main source of fresh water to Duhok City, one of the major cities of Kurdistan Region. Hydrometeorological data over the past several decades reveal that the catchment is experiencing increasing variability in precipitation and stream flow contributing to more severe droughts and floods presumably due to climate change. SWAT model was applied to capture the dynamics of the basin. The model was calibrated at Zakho station. The performance of the model was rather satisfactory; R2 and ENC were 0.5 and 0.51, respectively in calibration period. In validation process R2 and ENC were nearly consistent. In the next stage, six GCMs from CMIP3 namely, CGCM3.1/T47, CNRM-CM3, GFDL-CM2.1, IPSLCM4, MIROC3.2 (medres) and MRI CGCM2.3.2 were selected for climate change projections in the basin under a very high emissions scenario (A2), a medium emissions scenario (A1B) and a low emissions scenario (B1) for two future periods (2046-2064) and (2080-2100). All GCMs showed consistent increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation, and as expected, highest rate for A2 and lowest rate for B1. The projected temperatures and precipitation were input to the SWAT model to project water resources, and the model outputs were compared with the baseline period (1980-2010), the picture that emerged depicted deteriorating water resources variability.
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| 6. |
- Abbas, Nahla, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Greater Zab River, Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - : David Publishing Company. - 1934-7359 .- 1934-7367. ; 10:12, s. 1384-1402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greater Zab is the largest tributary of the Tigris River in Iraq where the catchment area is currently being plagued by water scarcity and pollution problems. Contemporary studies have revealed that blue and green waters of the basin have been manifesting increasing variability contributing to more severe droughts and floods apparently due to climate change. In order to gain greater appreciation of the impacts of climate change on water resources in the study area in near and distant future, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) has been used. The model is first tested for its suitability in capturing the basin characteristics, and then, orecasts from six GCMs (general circulation models) with about half-a-century lead time to 2046~2064 and one-century lead time to 2080~2100 are incorporated to evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources under three emission scenarios: A1B, A2 and B1. The results showed worsening water resources regime into the future.
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| 7. |
- Abbas, Nahla, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Diyala River Basin, Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - New York : David Publishing Company. - 1934-7359 .- 1934-7367. ; 10:9, s. 1059-1074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diyala River is the third largest tributary of the Tigris River running 445 km length and draining an area of 32,600 km2. The river is the major source of water supply for Diyala City for municipal, domestic, agriculture and other purposes. Diyala River Basin currently is suffering from water scarcity and contamination problems. Up-to-date studies have shown that blue and green waters of a basin have been demonstrating increasing variability contributing to more severe droughts and floods seemingly due to climate change. To obtain better understanding of the impacts of climate change on water resources in Diyala River Basin in near 2046~2064 and distant future 2080~2100, SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) was used. The model is first examined for its capability of capturing the basin characteristics, and then, projections from six GCMs (general circulation models) are incorporated to assess the impacts of climate change on water resources under three emission scenarios: A2, A1B and B1. The results showed deteriorating water resources regime into the future.
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| 8. |
- Abbas, Nahla, et al.
(författare)
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Model-Based Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Isaac River Catchment, Queensland
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:7, s. 460-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isaac River catchment, which is located within Fitzroy basin in Central Queensland, Australia is mostly a semi-arid region, sparsely populated, but rife with economic activities such as mining, grazing, cropping and production forestry. Hydro-meteorological data over the past several decades reveal that the catchment is experiencing increasing variability in precipitation and streamflow contributing to more severe droughts and floods supposedly due to climate change. The exposure of the economic activities in the catchment to the vagaries of nature and the possible impacts of climate change on the stream flow regime are to be analyzed. For the purpose, SWAT model was adopted to capture the dynamics of the catchment. During calibration of the model 12parameters were found to be significant which yielded a R2 value of 0.73 for calibration and 0.66 for validation. In the next stage, six GCMs from CMIP3 namely, CGCM3.1/T47, CNRM-CM3, GFDLCM2.1, IPSLCM4, MIROC3.2 (medres) and MRI CGCM2.3.2 were selected for climate change projections in the Fitzroy basin under a very high emissions scenario (A2), a medium emissions scenario(A1B) and a low emissions scenario (B1) for two future periods (2046-2064) and (2080-2100). All GCMs showed consistent increases in temperature, and as expected, highest rate for A2 and lowest rate for B1. Precipitation predictions were mixed-reductions in A2 and increases in A1B and B1, and more variations in distant future compared to near future. When the projected temperaturesand precipitation were inputted into the SWAT model, and the model outputs were compared with the baseline period (1980-2010), the picture that emerged depicted worsening water resources variability.
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| 9. |
- Abd-Ellah, Mahmoud Khaled, et al.
(författare)
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Classification of Brain Tumor MRIs Using a Kernel Support Vector Machine
- 2016
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Ingår i: Building Sustainable Health Ecosystems. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319446714 - 9783319446721 ; , s. 151-160
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of medical images has been continuously increasing, which makes manual investigations of every image a difficult task. This study focuses on classifying brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) as normal, where a brain tumor is absent, or as abnormal, where a brain tumor is present. A hybrid intelligent system for automatic brain tumor detection and MRI classification is proposed. This system assists radiologists in interpreting the MRIs, improves the brain tumor diagnostic accuracy, and directs the focus toward the abnormal images only. The proposed computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system consists of five steps: MRI preprocessing to remove the background noise, image segmentation by combining Otsu binarization and K-means clustering, feature extraction using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approach, and dimensionality reduction of the features by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The major features were submitted to a kernel support vector machine (KSVM) for performing the MRI classification. The performance evaluation of the proposed system measured a maximum classification accuracy of 100 % using an available MRIs database. The processing time for all processes was recorded as 1.23 seconds. The obtained results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed system.
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| 10. |
- Abdelaziz, Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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Survey on network virtualization using openflow : Taxonomy, opportunities, and open issues
- 2016
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Ingår i: KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems. - : Korean Society for Internet Information (KSII). - 1976-7277. ; 10:10, s. 4902-4932
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The popularity of network virtualization has recently regained considerable momentum because of the emergence of OpenFlow technology. It is essentially decouples a data plane from a control plane and promotes hardware programmability. Subsequently, OpenFlow facilitates the implementation of network virtualization. This study aims to provide an overview of different approaches to create a virtual network using OpenFlow technology. The paper also presents the OpenFlow components to compare conventional network architecture with OpenFlow network architecture, particularly in terms of the virtualization. A thematic OpenFlow network virtualization taxonomy is devised to categorize network virtualization approaches. Several testbeds that support OpenFlow network virtualization are discussed with case studies to show the capabilities of OpenFlow virtualization. Moreover, the advantages of popular OpenFlow controllers that are designed to enhance network virtualization is compared and analyzed. Finally, we present key research challenges that mainly focus on security, scalability, reliability, isolation, and monitoring in the OpenFlow virtual environment. Numerous potential directions to tackle the problems related to OpenFlow network virtualization are likewise discussed
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