| 1. |
- Lindahl, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Normative positions within an algebraic approach to normative systems
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Logic. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-8683 .- 1570-8691. ; 2:1, s. 63-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formal analysis of normative systems as initiated by Alchourrón and Bulygin can be complemented by the analysis of normative positions as pursued by Kanger, Lindahl, Sergot and Jones. The paper is a step towards integrating the two approaches within an algebraic theory of so-called Boolean quasi-orderings (Bqo's). In the general Bqo theory presented, a number of theoretical tools are introduced and elucidated by theorems, in particular those of fragment, connection, coupling and pair coupling. Condition implication structures (cis's) are models of the Bqo theory used for the representation of normative systems. A system of normative positions is introduced as a special kind of cis. The final section is devoted to an example exhibiting a legal mini-system where a cis of normative positions (np-cis) is joined to a descriptive cis.
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| 2. |
- Lindahl, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Normative systems and their revision: an algebraic approach
- 2003
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Ingår i: Artificial Intelligence and Law. ; 11:2-3, s. 81-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper discusses normative systems and their revision within an algebraic framework. If a system is logically well-formed, certain norms, called connecting norms, determine the system as a whole. It is maintained that, if the system is well-formed, a relation at least as low as determines a lattice or quasi-lattice of its connecting norms. The ideas are presented mainly in the form of comments on a legal example concerning acquisition of movable property by extinction of another person's previous rights.
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| 3. |
- Lönn, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Gene diversity and demographic turnover in central and peripheral populations of the perennial herb, Gypsophila fastigiata
- 2002
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 99:3, s. 489-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within-population gene diversity (HS) was estimated (using allozyme markers) for 16 populations of the perennial, outcrossing plant, Gypsophila fastigiata, on the Baltic island of Öland. The populations were characterized by data on extent, density, life-stages, and habitat diversity. Populations were classed as central or peripheral in relation to the distribution of “alvar” (habitats with shallow, calcareous soils on limestone bedrock) on southern Öland. Three minimal adequate models were used to explain HS and the proportions of juveniles and dead adults. In the first model, HS was significantly lower in peripheral populations and there were no significant additional effects of other explanatory variables. The lower diversity in peripheral populations can be explained by a combination of genetic drift (in populations that vary in size in response to habitat fragmentation) and lower levels of interpopulation gene flow than in central populations. In the two life-stage models, peripheral populations had significantly larger proportions of both juveniles and dead adults – indicating a greater demographic turnover than in the central populations. There were also significant effects of HS and species diversity on the proportion of juveniles. The central or peripheral position of populations is the strongest predictor of both within-population gene diversity and life-stage dynamics in Öland G. fastigiata.
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| 4. |
- Olsmats, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Packaging Scorecard - A Packaging Performance Evaluation Method
- 2003
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 16, s. 9-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To support a more holistic approach to the contribution of packaging to efficiency and value creation in the product supply chain, a systematic evaluation method Packaging Scorecard - has been developed and tested in two case studies. The Packaging Scorecard is based on research of functional criteria of packaging and the theories of Balanced Scorecard, a general management approach to evaluating organisational performance using different perspectives. The results of the case studies indicate that the method can be very useful to get a systematic overview of packaging performance throughout the product supply chain.
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| 5. |
- Svendsen, Susanne Wulff, et al.
(författare)
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Work above shoulder level and degenerative alterations of the rotator cuff tendons : a magnetic resonance imaging study.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Arthritis and rheumatism. - : Wiley. - 0004-3591 .- 1529-0131. ; 50:10, s. 3314-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine whether work performed with the arms in a highly elevated position is associated with alterations in the rotator cuff tendons as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in a historical cohort of male machinists, car mechanics, and house painters. The participants were right-handed, ages 40-50 years, and had been employed in their trades for not less than 10 years. Seventy-one percent of invited subjects participated (136 of 192). Lifetime upper arm elevation was assessed by direct measurements combined with individual work histories obtained by questionnaire and from registry data. Supraspinatus tendinopathy was evidenced by MRI signal intensity changes and morphologic alterations. Infraspinatus and subscapularis tendinopathy were also assessed. Additional outcomes were acromioclavicular joint degeneration and humeral head cysts. The MRI findings were evaluated by radiologists who were blinded to exposure status and symptoms. RESULTS: An exposure-response relationship was found between lifetime upper arm elevation and supraspinatus tendinopathy, with an age-adjusted odds ratio of 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.02-1.60) for a 5-month increase in the total number of full-time working months spent with the arm elevated >90 degrees . CONCLUSION: Work with the arms in a highly elevated position is associated with MRI-diagnosed alterations in the supraspinatus tendon. By demonstrating the first part of a possible biologic pathway, the study corroborates the work-relatedness of rotator cuff disorders.
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