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- Abrahamsson, Gun, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Problemlösningsarbete på låg organisatorisk nivå : Två studier om implementering respektive konkretisering av idéer om kundorderstyrd tillverkning
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The two studies reported in this thesis are about problem solving at a low organisational level in an organisational unit in a Swedish manufacturing company, which has adopted ideas of World Class Manufacturing. In the first study, we analyse, from an organisational learning perspective, the implementation of the well-known concept Continuous Improvement at shop-floor level and how management accounting may facilitate or impede improvement work. A case study was conducted in two workgroups in one production unit for about seven months. In one of the groups, management accounting facilitated improvement work with high organisational scope and, in the other group, impeded the organisational scope. Our conclusion is that management accounting may facilitate a high organisational scope by supporting the leadership style, stressing co-operation, dialog and participation, or, by the way the manager uses management accounting, make boundaries distinct between groups of employees and between departments, and therefore impede improvements with high organisational scope. In the second study, we analyse, from a rule-based behavioural perspective, how ideas of World Class Manufacturing are institutionalised in cross-functional problem solving at a low organisational level. A case study was carried out in two cross-functional weekly group meetings for about nine months. Problems raised and solutions decided followed a repeated pattern. The actors draw on instrumental rules, which can be described as technical as well as economic. We concluded that ideas of World Class Manufacturing were institutionalised as different variants of World Class Manufacturing in the different functions at a low organisational level. At the meetings, contradictory instrumental rules were activated by the functions and treated according to interaction rules. Two overall patterns of action, articulated the two main interaction rules guiding actors in how to treat contradictory ideas of World Class Manufacturing.
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| 3. |
- Akre [Fall], Katja, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Risk for gastric cancer after antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip replacement
- 2000
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - Birmingham, USA : American Asoociation for Cancer Research. - 0008-5472 .- 1538-7445. ; 60, s. 6376-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite strong evidence of an association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer, the benefit of eradicating H. pylori infection is unknown. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that exposure to high doses of antibiotics reduces risk for gastric cancer via possible eradication of H. pylori We conducted a nationwide case-control study nested in a cohort of 39,154 patients who underwent hip replacement surgery between 1965 and 1983. Such patients frequently receive prophylactic antibiotic treatment. During follow-up through 1989, we identified 189 incident cases of gastric cancer. For each case, three controls were selected from the cohort. Exposure data were abstracted from hospital records. Blood samples from a separate cohort undergoing hip replacement surgery were analyzed for anti-H. pylori IgG before and after surgery. Both long-term antibiotic treatment before surgery [odds ratio (OR), 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1-0.7] and prophylactic antibiotic treatment (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-1.1) conferred a reduction in gastric cancer risk. The reduction appeared stronger after 5 years (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.2) than during shorter follow-up after hip replacement (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.4-1.7). There was an apparent decrease in risk with increasing body weight-adjusted doses of antibiotics (P = 0.13). However, the rate of H. pylori antibody disappearance was not strikingly higher in the cohort of patients undergoing hip replacement than in a control cohort. Our findings provide indirect support for the hypothesis that treatment with antibiotics at a relatively advanced age reduces the risk of gastric cancer.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Helen, 1968-
(författare)
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TV:s nyhetsprogram som interaktion
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the last third of the 20th century, Swedish public and social life underwent an informalization process. The television news programmes today display the results of this development (and other trends) involving more dramaturgic variation, interactive elements, informalization and "cosiness".This thesis deals with interaction in television news from a viewer's point of view. The general purpose of the work has been to investigate the newsanchor's interaction with the viewers, the colleagues and the studio guests. The aim has been to describe the characteristic features of this interaction by using analytical tools from interactional sociolinguistics, particulary those concerning contextualization cues.The material consists of 11.5 hours of videotaped studio talk from three different news programmes (Aktuellt, Nyheterna and Tvärsnytt) during 1997–1998. The material– transcribed in extenso–is limited to the verbal and non-verbal activity of the newsreaders in four interactional situations: the newsreaders' monological quasi-interaction with the viewers, handovers, interviews with colleagues and with guests.The pervasive idea of the thesis is that news programmes can been seen as dramas in which the participants play certain roles. By using a number of devices, the participants enact these roles before the eyes of the viewers. The interaction can therefore be seen as an act performed for the benefit of the viewers. The theorethical basis for the dissortation is Goffman's ideas about participation structure (animator, author, principal, authorized and unauthorized listener), self-presentation, and framing. Of great importance is also Gumperz' notion of contextualization.The investigation shows that the newsreader uses a variety of contextualization cues and lets verbal and non-verbal means interplay to make contact with the viewers, e.g. you-pronouns, smiles, greetings and reminders. The interaction on the screen also displays an hierarchical order–the newsanchor steers the others' contributions. He/she also assigns to colleagues and guests different interactional roles. The reporter may alternately play the role of eyewitness, expert, analyst/speculator and commentator. The guest is called in to act either as expert, confrontation target, analyst/commentator, or representative.
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| 6. |
- Appelberg, Jonas, 1964-
(författare)
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Ventilation and Lung Volume During Sleep and in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) appears to affect up to 5% of the population. The extent to what pulmonary function awake and during sleep relates to obstructive breathing and hypoxemia during sleep in these patients is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate respiratory function in patients with varying degree of snoring and OSA and to analyse regional lung aeration during sleep.In all, 35 healthy subjects and 90 patients with snoring and OSA were studied. The ventilatory response to CO2 (VRCO2) was measured. Lung function tests were performed. A technique based on computed tomography was developed to study lung aeration during sleep.Patients with OSA displayed a higher VRCO2 in comparison to healthy subjects and snorers (p<0.01). Increased closing volume and reduced expiratory reserve volume (ERV) were found in patients with OSA (p<0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, ERV was an independent predictor of nocturnal apnea (R2=0.13; p=0.001) and desaturation frequency (R2=0.11; p<0.01). In both healthy subjects and OSA patients, lung aeration was reduced during sleep by 0.10 ml gas/g tissue in the dorsal lung region (p<0.05 and p<0.01). OSA patients had a significantly lower gas/tissue ratio in comparison to healthy subjects both awake (-23%; p<0.04) and during sleep (-25%; p<0.04). In a univariate analysis, functional residual capacity (FRC) correlated with the change in lung aeration from wakefulness to sleep (r=-0.78; p<0.001). In patients with OSA, ERV (r=-0.69; p<0.05) and sleep time (r=0.69; p<0.05) correlated with the fall in lung aeration. In conclusion, patients with OSA display an increased ventilatory response to CO2, reduced ERV and increased closing volume. ERV predicts nocturnal apnea and desaturation frequency to a similar extent as obesity. Lung aeration is reduced in the dorsal region during sleep and patients with OSA display a lower amount of gas in comparison to healthy subjects. Decrease in lung volumes, promoting airway closure, and loss of muscle tone contributed to the altered lung function during sleep.
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| 8. |
- Berg, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Flashlamp pulsed dye laser (FPDL) did not cure papulopustular rosacea
- 2004
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Ingår i: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0196-8092 .- 1096-9101. ; 34:3, s. 266-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pharmacological treatment has a fairly good effect on the papulopustular lesions in rosacea, but not as good an effect on the erythema and telangiectases. The aim was to treat rosacea patients with both erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular lesions with flashlamp pulsed dye laser (FPDL) until telangiectases/erythema disappeared, and to evaluate whether the treatment might also be effective on papulopustular lesions.STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients were treated on one side of the face with FPDL. The final examination was blinded and performed on the average 10 months after the last treatment.RESULTS: Two of the patients had more lesions after treatment, three were unchanged, three had only slightly less, and two had markedly less papulopustular lesions.CONCLUSION: Our conclusion from this small sample of patients is that FPDL probably has limited value on papulopustular lesions in rosacea. This indicates that the origin of rosacea may not be only vascular.
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