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- Laux, Timothy S, et al.
(författare)
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Nicaragua revisited : evidence of lower prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a high-altitude, coffee-growing village
- 2012
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Ingår i: JN. Journal of Nephrology (Milano. 1992). - : SAGE Publications. - 1121-8428 .- 1724-6059. ; 25:4, s. 533-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is found at epidemic levels in certain populations of the Pacific Coast in northwestern Nicaragua especially in younger men. There are knowledge gaps concerning CKD's prevalence in regions at higher altitudes.METHODS: A cross-sectional study of adults between the ages of 20 and 60 years in 1 coffee-growing village in Nicaragua located at 1,000 m above sea level (MASL) altitude was performed. Predictors included participant sex, age, occupation, conventional CKD risk factors and other factors associated with CKD suggested by previous surveys in Central America. Outcomes included serum creatinine (SCr) values >1.2 mg/dL for men and >0.9 mg/dL for women, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, dipstick proteinuria stratified as microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/dL) and macroalbuminuria (>300 mg/dL), hypertension and body mass index.RESULTS: Of 324 eligible participants, 293 were interviewed (90.4%), and 267 of those received the physical exam (82.4% overall). Of the sample, 45% were men. Prevalence rate of estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was 0 for men (0%) and 2 for women (1.4%). The prevalence of at least microalbuminuria was significantly higher among men compared with women (27.5% vs. 21.4%, respectively; p=0.02).CONCLUSIONS: The CKD prevalence in this village is comparable to a previously studied Nicaraguan coffee-farming region and much lower than previously screened portions of northwestern Nicaragua. There is heterogeneity in CKD prevalence across Nicaragua. At this time, screenings should target individuals living in previously identified, higher risk regions. More work is needed to understand determinants of CKD in this resource-poor nation.
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| 2. |
- Laux, Timothy S., et al.
(författare)
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Revalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in six nicaraguan communities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ethnicity & Disease. - 1049-510X. ; 22:2, s. 129-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Describe the prevalence of hypertension. Design: Population based cross-sectional survey. Setting: Six Nicaraguan communities with varying economies. Participants: 1,355 adults aged 20-60 years who completed both self-reported and quantitative measures of health. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of hypertension (systolic >= 140 mm Hg, diastolic >= 90 mm Hg, or self-reported medical history with diagnosis by a health care professional), uncontrolled hypertension (systolic >= 140 mm Hg or diastolic >= 90 mm Hg), diabetes (urinary glucose excretion >= 100 mg/dL or self-reported medical history diagnosed by a health care professional), and uncontrolled diabetes (urinary glucose excretion >= 100 mg/dL only). Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 22.0% (19.2% in men, 24.2% in women). Blood pressure was controlled in 31.0% of male hypertensives and 55.1% of female hypertensives (odds ratio [OR] 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74-4.69). Older age and higher body mass index were strongly associated with hypertension. Women who completed primary school had a lower risk of hypertension (OR .40; 95% CI .19-.85) compared to those with no formal education. A history of living in both urban and rural settings was associated with lower prevalence of hypertension (OR .52; 95% CI .34-.79). Diabetes mellitus was found in 1.2% of men and 4.3% of women. Male sex was independently associated with decreased risk of diabetes (OR .31; 95% CI .11-.86). Conclusions: At least one cardiovascular risk factor was found in half of this Nicaraguan sample. Cardiovascular risk factors should be the target of educational efforts, screening, and treatment.
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