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- Bagge, Niklas, 1987-
(författare)
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Structural assessment procedures for existing concrete bridges : Experiences from failure tests of the Kiruna Bridge
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Assessing existing bridges is an important task in the sustainable management ofinfrastructure. In practice, structural bridge assessments are usually conducted usingtraditional and standardised methods, despite knowledge that these methods oftenprovide conservative estimates. In addition, more advanced methods are available, suchas nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis, that are used for research purposes and cansimulate the structural behaviour of bridges more accurately. Therefore, it would beuseful to develop practical and reliable procedures for refined assessments using theseadvanced techniques.Focusing on the ultimate load-carrying capacity of existing concrete bridges, this thesispresents a procedure for structural assessments. The fundamental idea is to improve theassessment successively, as necessary to predict bridges’ structural behaviour adequately.The procedure involves a multi-level assessment strategy with four levels of structuralanalysis, and an integrated framework for safety verification. At the initial level (Level 1)of the multi-level strategy, traditional standardised methods are used, no failures arecovered implicitly in the structural analysis and action effects are verified using localresistances calculated using analytical models. In the subsequent enhanced levels (Levels2 – 4), nonlinear FE analysis is used for stepwise integration of the verification of flexural,shear-related and anchorage failures into the structural analysis. The framework for safetyverifications includes partial safety factor (PSF), global resistance safety factor (GRSF) andfull probabilistic methods. Within each of these groups, verifications of desired safetymargins can be conducted with varying degrees of complexity.To demonstrate and evaluate the proposed structural assessment procedure, comparativestudies have been carried out, based on full-scale tests of a prestressed concrete bridge.This was the Kiruna Bridge, located in the northernmost city in Sweden, which was duefor demolition as part of a city transformation project, necessitated by large grounddeformations caused by the large nearby mine. Thus, it was available for destructiveexperimental investigation within the doctoral project presented in this thesis. The bridgehad five continuous spans, was 121.5 m long and consisted of three parallel girders with a connecting slab at the top. Both the girders and slab were tested to failure to investigatetheir structural behaviour and load-carrying capacity. Non-destructive and destructivetests were also applied to determine the residual prestress forces in the bridge girders andinvestigate the in situ applicability of methods developed for this purpose. The so-calledsaw-cut method and decompression-load method were used after refinement to enabletheir application to structures of such complexity. The variation of the experimentallydetermined residual prestress forces was remarkably high, depending on the sectioninvestigated. There were also high degrees of uncertainty in estimated values, and thusare only regarded as indications of the residual prestress force.Level 1 analysis of the multi-level assessment strategy consistently underestimatedcapacity, relative to the test results, and did not provide accurate predictions of the shearrelatedfailure observed in the test. With linear FE analysis and local resistance modelsdefined by the European standard, Eurocode 2, the load-carrying capacity wasunderestimated by 32 % for the bridge girder and 55 % for the bridge deck slab. At theenhanced level of structural analysis (Level 3), nonlinear FE analyses predicted thecapacities with less than 2 % deviation from the test results and correctly predicted thefailure mode. However, for existing bridges there are many uncertainties, for instance,the FE simulations were sensitive to the level of residual prestressing, boundaryconditions and assumed material parameters. To accurately take these aspects intoaccount, bridge-specific information is crucial.The complete structural assessment procedure, combining the multi-level strategy andsafety verification framework, was evaluated in a case study. Experiences from theprevious comparative studies were used in an assessment of the Kiruna Bridge followingthe Swedish assessment code. The initial assessment at Level 1 of the multi-level strategyand safety verification, using the PSF method, indicated that the shear capacity of one ofthe girders was critical. The most adverse load case (a combination of permanent loads,prestressing and variable traffic loads) was further investigated through enhancedstructural analyses implicitly accounting for flexural and shear-related failures (Level 3).Nonlinear FE analysis and safety evaluation using the PSF method, several variants of theGRSF method and the full probabilistic analysis for resistance indicated that the permittedaxle load for the critical classification vehicle could be 5.6 – 6.5 times higher than thelimit obtained from the initial assessment at Level 1. However, the study also indicatedthat the model uncertainty was not fully considered in these values. The modeluncertainty was shown to have strong effects on the safety verification and (thus)permissible axle loads. The case study also highlighted the need for a strategy forsuccessively improving structural analysis to improve understanding of bridges’ structuralbehaviour. The refined analysis indicated a complex failure mode, with yielding of thestirrups in the bridge girders and transverse flexural reinforcement in the bridge deck slab,but with a final shear failure of the slab. It would be impossible to capture suchcomplexity in a traditional standardised assessment, which (as mentioned) indicated thatthe shear capacity of the girder limited permissible axle loads. However, nonlinear FEanalyses are computationally demanding, and numerous modelling choices are required.Besides a strategy for rationally improving the analysis and helping analysts to focus oncritical aspects, detailed guidelines for nonlinear FE analysis should be applied to reduce the analyst-dependent variability of results and (thus) the model uncertainty. Clearly, toensure the validity of bridge assessment methods under in situ conditions, theirevaluations should include in situ tests. This thesis presents outcomes of such tests, therebyhighlighting important aspects for future improvements in the assessment of existingbridges.
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- Bennitz, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Undersökning av skjuvförband i trä : provning av bulttyper för Vasaskeppet
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport är resultatet av laboratorieförsök vilka utförts på avdelningen för byggkonstruktion vid Luleå tekniska universitet. Försöken har genomförts under slutet av 2007 och är en direkt fortsättning av tidigare försök från 2004 och 2005. De tidigare rapporterna pekade på ett behov av fortsatt provning. Föreliggande rapport är således en fortsättning av tidigare arbete, dock med vidareutveckling av möjliga bulltyper för Vasaskeppet. De testade bulltyperna har konstruerats och tillverkats i Statens Maritima Museer regi av Anders Ahlgren. Försöken har genomförts vid Luleå tekniska universitet och Complab, av Civ. Ing. Georg Danielsson samt forskarstuderande Anders Bennitz.
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- Bergström, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Bro över Järpströmmen : kompletterande mätning av påkänningar vid tung överfart
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kompletterande mätning på bron över Järpströmmen genomfördes då lasten vid föregående mätning ansågs för liten. Vid aktuell mätning bestod lasten av ett transportekipage med en totalvikt på cirka 400 ton fördelat på 20 hjulaxlar och en bit över 100 däck. Mycket låg påkänning i kolfibermaterial och stålarmering, i storleksordningen omkring 5 m/m. Den låga påkänningen härleds inte till en för låg last, då ekipagets tyngd är stor. Däremot kan mätresultaten förklaras i att tvärkraftsarmeringen och förstärkningen inte tar last förrän uppsprickning av brobetongen inträffar. Betongbrons spricklast förutsätts inte vara uppnådd vid aktuell lastnivå, vilket förklarar de små töjningarna på armering och kolfiber. Detta resonemang baseras på genomförda försök (Carolin, 2003). Erfarenhetsmässigt är tvärkraftsförstärkning med kolfiberlaminat en fungerande och effektiv metod för att uppgradera en konstruktion. Kolfiberförstärkningen har konsekvent en töjning omkring 5 με vid överfart, vilket visar att förstärkningen tar last och därmed fungerar. Ingen tendens av vidhäftningsproblem finns vid aktuell lastnivå, vilket stöds av att armeringen och kolfibermaterialet töjs lika mycket. Detta betyder att förstärkningen fortsätter ta mer last vid ökad belastning. Förstärkningen kan därför förutsättas bidra till en ökad kapacitet i brottgränstillstånd, då uppsprickning av betong inträffar, trots att effekterna är svåra att bestyrka i bruksgränstillstånd och utförd mätning.
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- Bergström, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Degradation of structural performance : Experiment introduction and expected results
- 2006
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Ingår i: Bridge maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle performance and cost. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0415403154 - 9780415403153 ; , s. 251-252
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Much effort has been put on investigating degradation of concrete structures, repair and upgrading separately, as can be read in numerous publications, i.e., Green et. al. (2003), Morgan (1995) and Täljsten (2004). However, an overall view has not been taken where the whole life cycle of a concrete structure is considered. In particular, no laboratory tests have been presented in the literature to the author's knowledge. A structure passes several stages during its life. Normally two major stages are discerned, the service limit state (SLS) and the ultimate limit state (ULS). Concrete structures are designed for both these stages. In the SLS normally the deformation and crack widths are controlled. Deformation due to comfort demands and crack widths due to durability demands. In the ULS the structure is designed for its ultimate capacity - which for civil and building structures almost never is reached. From a safety aspect the ULS is most important; however, for the client the SLS with regard to maintenance, repair and upgrading are most costly. If the SLS was better understood, in particular from a rehabilitation point of view, more robust and cost effective repair and upgrading system could be developed. (Figure Presented). This paper is also a part of "Sustainable bridges". "Sustainable bridges" is a European project which focus is to preserve bridges throughout Europe and create unanimous codes for all participating countries. The project presented in this paper, Degradation of Structural Performance (DOSP), will investigate the behaviour of concrete beams which will endure a simulated life cycle procedure. The test program will direct the beams from full strength of the intact beam through degradation, repair and upgrading with FRP plate bonding to its original strength again or near. The cross-sectional strain distribution will be monitored during the test using Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) Strain Sensors as well as traditional strain gauges. This gives the possibility of comparing results in between the two monitoring techniques over proportionately long time span. An accelerated corrosion procedure is used to corrode the flexural tensile reinforcement. The cycle may be divided into seven stages, a to g, presented shortly in Figure 1, Horrigmoe (1998) and Sand 2001. This life cycle is possible in the real case scenario for bridges or other concrete structures which are subjected to chlorides, i.e. de-icing salt or sea water
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- Bergström, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Structural health monitoring of degrading concrete beams in a laboratory environment
- 2006
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Ingår i: Composites in Civil Engineering. - : International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC). ; , s. 335-338
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Much effort has been invested separately on degradation, repair and upgrading of concrete structures. However, few holistic studies including laboratory testing have been performed on the entire cycle during a structures life. Reinforced concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. Normally the life of concrete structures is very long. However, concrete structures possess one drawback; at least in severe environments, the steel reinforcement may corrode. The effects can clearly be seen when the steel reinforcement is attacked by chlorides. The reduced steel cross-section area and loss of bond strength between steel and concrete will lead to increased deformations, cracking and premature ultimate load, thus affecting both the serviceability limit state (SLS) and the ultimate limit state (ULS). Procedures to repair and upgrade the damaged structure are used to increase the structural performance. They follow the structural member of time, a SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) approach is adapted to this project. By applying SHM to a degrading structure it assures that it will keep up to current standards by continuous monitoring, analysing, evaluation and eventually also retrofitting.
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| 9. |
- Blanksvärd, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Mineral based bonding of CFRP to strengthen concrete structures
- 2006
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Ingår i: Bridge maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle performance and cost. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0415403154 - 9780415403153 ; , s. 1057-1058
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Strengthening of concrete structures with epoxy bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) has been proved to be a good strengthening technique. However, this strengthening technique with epoxy adhesives do contain some disadvantages such as diffusion closeness, thermal incompatibility to the base concrete, working environment and minimum application temperature. Some of these drawbacks can be overcome by substituting the epoxy to a polymer reinforced mortar as the bonding agent. This work presents a pilot study with CFRP strengthened concrete beams. In this case the epoxy bonded CFRP has been replaced with a mineral based composite (MBC). The results from the pilot study indicates that the MBC strengthening system do achieve very good composite action and strengthening effects. These results warrant for further research and improvement of the MBC strengthening system
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- Carolin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Konstruktionsprovning av stålrör
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under 2002 och 2003 genomfördes vid Luleå tekniska universitet, Avdelningen för Konstruktionsteknik en studie av stålrör uppstyvade med kol-, aramid- respektive glasfiberkomposit för att på så sätt öka knäcklasten. De metoder som användes var handuppläggning samt montage av förtillverkade skal tillverkade genom vakuuminjicering. Totalt provades nio stålrör vardera med längden 3.800 mm och diameter 88,9 mm. Ett rör lämnades oförstärkt och användes som referens. Resultatet från provningen visade att det var möjligt att öka knäcklasten genom att använda metoden med utanpåliggande fiberkomposit. I samband med undersökningen har även en analytisk och numerisk modellering av försöken gjorts. Denna stämmer bra överens med försöken. Förutom försök i laboratorium och teoretiska analyser utfördes en praktisk studie om gällande möjligheten att förstärka stålrör i fält. Denna undersökning gjordes hos Spännarmering AB i Upplands Väsby. Det visade sig att metoden med förtillverkade rör var att föredra framför handuppläggning. Dock bör speciella verktyg tas fram för att applicera lim på en mast i fält.
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