| 1. |
- Bergman, Johan, 1973-
(författare)
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Kulturfolk eller folkkultur? : 1968, kulturarbetarna och demokratin
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cultural folk or folk culture? 1968, cultural workers and democracy. In the early 1960’s it became clear that although Swedish citizens had experienced an overall increase in material well-being and political democracy, there were still severe shortages in terms of cultural democracy. The radicalisation of the 1960’s meant that students and leftist artists were to play an important part in attempts to rectify this — both as idea-bearers and policy-makers. Using the debates of cultural democracy as a starting point, this thesis focuses on how leftist radical “cultural workers” aimed at democratising culture during the 1960’s and the 1970’s. Demands were raised for a fundamental shift in focus from the context of cultural production (and, accordingly, the producers) to cultural consumption and the consumers. The study follows a cultural democratic tendency that expanded from established theatre institutions during the 1960’s over to the radical so-called “free” theatre groups, the progressive music movement and the textile collectives of the 1970’s. By comparing three organisations within the fields of theatre, music and textile respectively, both general and specific conditions and dilemmas that characterised these branches are analysed. The democratisation of culture during the 1970’s led to processes of professionalisation and politicisation. In these developments, authoritative criteria for what constituted “true” art were called upon. These measures can be understood both as a consequence of the actors’ ambition to reduce competition that resulted from producing culture on a market, but also as a way of gaining cultural status. Despite various revolutions within different cultural areas the agents agreed on one thing; the absolute right of an autonomous cultural field to exist. This meant that the battle of defining “true art” was about something real and precisely therefore a battle worth fighting.
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| 2. |
- Byström, Mikael, 1963-
(författare)
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En broder, gäst och parasit : Uppfattningar och föreställningar om utlänningar, flyktingar och flyktingpolitik i svensk offentlig debatt 1942-1947
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Earlier studies have proposed that Swedish refugee policy started to change around 1942, when a restrictive refugee policy became more generous and humanitarian. From a quantitative point of view this statement is true: there were about ten thousand refugees in 1941, compared to almost two hundred thousand by the end of the war. However, this does not tell us whether the well-known discourses of Swedish inter-war anti-Semitism, nationalism and xenophobia underwent the same changes. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the public debate concerning foreigners, refugees and refugee policy in 1942–1947.The dissertation puts forward the hypothesis of The Nordic prerogative. In brief, this prerogative meant that Sweden primarily held itself obliged to accept ethnical Northeners as refugees, and looked upon this obligation as more important than other considerations, such as the refugee’s ideological views, need of protection or humanitarian needs. Symptomatically, the groups which could not be entirely encompassed within the idea of a Nordic prerogative, particularly the Balts and the Danish Jews, were perceived as the most problematical refugee groups, both on a general level of the debates, and in specific issues.The idea of a Nordic prerogative did not derive from a sense of ethnical fraternity and humanitarian considerations alone, however. Several undertakings were also brought about by pragmatic considerations. Sweden sought goodwill, and reception of refugees was seen as one way of winning it.The dissertation also shows that the idea of a Nordic prerogative seems to become less important when the refugee comes closer to the everyday life of Sweden, where the Nordic refugees too were referred to as ”foreigners”, ”aliens” etc. As such, they had to put up with being spoken of in negatively loaded expressions, in the same way as other foreigners.
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| 3. |
- Langkjaer, Jenny, 1978-
(författare)
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Övervakning för rikets säkerhet : Svensk säkerhetspolisiär övervakning av utländska personer och inhemsk politisk aktivitet, 1885–1922
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the 19th century the European states experienced a new kind of threat to their existence. The military threats from other countries were now accompanied by civilian threats that inspired mass protest, terrorism and other menaces to the established order. In Sweden, these threats were mainly seen as connected to the rising labor movement and to a growing number of foreign citizens.The aim of the dissertation is to examine surveillance for national security carried out by the Stockholm Criminal Investigation Department and its Police Bureau between 1885 and 1922. Apart from examining what specific surveillance methods that were used, the dissertation gives an answer to the question why the surveillance was carried out, and why it was carried out the way it was. It also discusses how differences and similarities between the surveillance in Sweden and other countries can be explained and how the surveillance between 1885 and 1922 relates to the corresponding activities during the latter part of the 20th century.The main conclusions are that there was a lack of formal rules regulating the surveillance, and that it therefore was based on the following of routines. The bureaucratization process that characterized the period influenced the surveillance, which came to be performed as a bureaucratic machine, characterized by a tendency of expansion. This meant that the surveillance activities were constantly expanded and became more and more extensive. The expansion is connected to the surveillance phenomenon, which could be said to have an unlimited scope. Furthermore, it is suggested that this specific historic legacy has affected the development of Swedish security police activity during the second half of the 20th century.
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| 4. |
- Wikberg, Karin, 1942-
(författare)
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Amatör eller professionist? : Studier rörande amatörfrågan i svensk tävlingsidrott 1903-1967
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis studies the amateurism question within Swedish competitive sport from the perspective of the Swedish Sports Confederation (RF). As a background, a study is included about both the early development of Anglo-Saxon amateur sport, as well as the initial phase of the Swedish sports movement (ca.1870–1900), and the role the amateurism question played during this period. The actual research period is 1903–1967, i.e., the years when the RF, as the driving force in the issue, acknowledged amateur sport though its regulations. The main task has been to establish the position of the amateurism question between amateurism and professionalism.The research has involved examining three main perspectives for the amateurism question, which are discussed in the introductory chapter: large scope and significance, complexity, and uniqueness. The research has convincingly substantiated all three characteristics. The “amateur inquest” of the 1940s, a very far-reaching and complicated debate without parallel elsewhere, either within or outside the sporting world, constitutes the best piece of evidence.The four main questions, which also determine the disposition of the chapters, are: 1) What did the amateurism of sport entail? What reasons were behind this and how were the rules and regulations developed? 2) What important disputes (legal cases, practices) occurred with amateurism as the cause and what consequences did they have? 3) How did the different opinions view amateurism? What arguments were presented for and against? 4) In what way did the amateurism question reflect the sports movement’s autonomy, ideology and positioning within the dividing line between power aspirations and ideal/moral? Here, attention is given to the concepts of ‘parallel system’ and ‘hybrid system’. The complexity of the amateurism of sport has been illustrated using four aspects. They are to be seen as an attempt to categorise the values and the practice that together underpinned amateurism: 1) the moral aspect (ethics/moral); 2) the social aspect (class/occupation); 3) the economic aspect (income/compensation for expenses); and 4) the peripheral aspect (ethnicity/traditionalism). Through these aspects, the content and the changes of focus in the amateurism question have been highlighted.
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