| 1. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 2. |
- Akel Hasan, A., et al.
(författare)
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A review of solar thermal cooling technologies in selected Middle East and North African countries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2213-1388 .- 2213-1396. ; 54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cooling loads are a substantial part of the total electricity demands of countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Fortunately, because of its warm and sunny climate, the MENA region is naturally suited to solar cooling technologies. This article summarizes the most recent research and developments in solar thermal cooling technologies. The working principles and a general literature survey of solar thermal cooling technologies including absorption, adsorption, and desiccant is presented. This is followed by a summary of the literature specific to the MENA region, along with a survey of the prototypes and commercial installation of solar cooling across the MENA region. Based on this review, pilot solar cooling projects in the region are around 1180 kWc, which are split between space conditioning and industrial refrigeration applications. Most of the pilot projects are of absorption cooling type using an ammonia–water binary cycle and parabolic trough solar collectors. However, a few adsorption cooling systems are employed with a water–silica working pair and flat plate collectors. Finally, desiccant cooling systems are still in their infancy, as research and experimental systems in educational institutes.
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| 3. |
- Shaltout, Abdallah A., et al.
(författare)
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Elemental Composition of PM2.5 Aerosol in a Residential–Industrial Area of a Mediterranean Megacity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Very little is known about the elemental composition and possible sources of fine aerosol particles from Mediterranean megacities. Fine aerosol particles were collected at a residential-industrial area in Greater Cairo, Egypt, during the period from October 2010 to May 2011. The elemental compositions of the collected samples were quantified by using a homemade energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, whereas black carbon was quantified by a black smoke detector. Fifteen elements have been quantified. Of these constituents, Ca, C, Cl, S, and Fe had the highest concentrations: greater than 1 µg m−3. The overall mean mass concentration of the collected samples equals 70 µg m−3; this value exceeds the European Union annual Air Quality Standard levels. The individual elemental concentrations of the fine particles were found to be dominated by elements linked to mineral dust. Most of the monthly variations of elemental concentrations can be attributed to seasonal meteorological conditions. Other possible sources were vehicle-exhaust and industrial activities. The results pinpoint the problem of identifying different sources when one source, in this case, the nearby deserts, is dominant. The results from this study contribute to the growing knowledge of concentrations, composition, and possible sources of ambient fine particulate matter. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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| 4. |
- Shaltout, Abdallah A., et al.
(författare)
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Method development for the determination of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in PM2.5 particles sampled in industrial and urban areas of Greater Cairo, Egypt, using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
- 2014
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Ingår i: Microchemical journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0026-265X .- 1095-9149. ; 113, s. 4-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) is not adequate for the determination of some potentially hazardous trace elements, such as Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb at low concentration in PM2.5 atmospheric aerosol particles Therefore, a method has been developed for the determination of these elements in atmospheric aerosol particles using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GF-AAS) without using modifiers. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were optimized for this analysis. The samples were collected from industrial and urban areas of Greater Cairo, Egypt. Atmospheric aerosol particles, PM2.5, have been collected on polycarbonate filters loaded by a cyclone sampler. The duration of the collection was 24 h at an air flow-rate of 3 L min-1. Microwave-assisted acid digestion with ultra-pure nitric acid was used to dissolve the polycarbonate filters, including the atmospheric aerosol particles. For the validation of the methods, the results were compared with those obtained by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Good agreement between the results of the different spectrometric techniques was found. The measured concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb were below the limits defined by international guidelines and national standards of ambient air quality.
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