| 1. |
- Adami, Hans-Olov, et al.
(författare)
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The aetiology and pathogenesis of human breast cancer
- 1995
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Ingår i: Mutation research. - 0027-5107 .- 1873-135X. ; 333:1-2, s. 29-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whilst investigators have clearly shown that non-hereditary factors dominate the aetiology of human breast cancer, they have failed to identify quantitatively important causes, and prospects for prevention remain indeed limited. However, progress in epidemiological and basic research has taken place during the last few years. Current evidence suggests that breast cancer may be affected by the intra-uterine environment, that exposures during adolescence are particularly important, and that pregnancy has a dual effect on breast cancer risk: an early increase followed by long-term protection. Great variation exists in the structural development of the breast ductal system already in the newborn--and by inference in utero--and a pregnancy induces permanent structural changes in the mammary gland. We suggest that these observations fit into an aetiological model with the following key components: (1) breast cancer risk depends on the number of cells at risk, the susceptibility of individual cells to malignant transformation, and on the degree of cellular proliferation, notably cells which can act as founders of breast cancer; (2) the number of target cells is determined by the hormonal environment mainly early in life, perhaps already in utero; (3) in adult life, hormones which are non-genotoxic, increase breast cancer risk by increasing selective cell proliferation and thus number of target cells and the risk of retention of spontaneous somatic mutations; (4) while a pregnancy stimulates the growth of already malignant cells or cells close to malignant transformation (and thereby entails a short-term risk increase) the dominating long-term protection occurs due to permanent structural changes, terminal differentiation and perhaps decreased cell proliferation and carcinogen-binding in combination.
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| 2. |
- Lipworth, L., et al.
(författare)
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Maternal pregnancy hormone levels in an area with a high incidence (Boston, USA) and in an area with a low incidence (Shanghai, China) of breast cancer
- 1999
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 79:1, s. 7-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Characteristics probably associated with the fetal hormonal milieu have recently been shown to increase (birth size indicators, prematurity, neonatal jaundice) or decrease (pregnancy toxaemia) breast cancer risk in the female offspring. However, it is unknown whether differences in pregnancy hormone levels may contribute to the marked geographical variation in breast cancer incidence. We have compared, in a highly standardized manner, pregnancy hormone levels in a population with high incidence and one with low incidence of breast cancer. Three hundred and four pregnant Caucasian women in Boston and 334 pregnant Chinese women in Shanghai were enrolled from March 1994 to October 1995. Levels of oestradiol, oestriol, prolactin, progesterone, human growth hormone, albumin and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in maternal blood at weeks 16 and 27 of gestation and compared between the two study sites using non-parametric Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Demographical, anthropometrical and pregnancy characteristics were ascertained through interview, and relevant variables concerning delivery and the newborn were abstracted from medical records and paediatric charts. During the first visit, median serum levels of all studied hormones were statistically significant, and in most instances substantially, higher among Chinese women, who have a low incidence of breast cancer, compared with American women, who have a high incidence of breast cancer. An analogous pattern was evident during the second visit, although the relative differences tended to be smaller. Further research is needed to identify lifestyle or other exogenous determinants of pregnancy hormone levels, as well as possible mechanisms by which they may influence carcinogenic processes in the breast and possibly other organs.
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| 3. |
- Pontén, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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HPV and cervical cancer
- 1995
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 63:2, s. 317-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Thurfjell, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Breast size and mammographic pattern in relation to breast cancer risk
- 1996
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. - 0959-8278 .- 1473-5709. ; 5:1, s. 37-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation of Wolfe's parenchymal patterns and radiographically-assessed breast size with breast cancer risk was evaluated in a population-based nested case-control study in Uppsala, Sweden. All women who attended a mammographic screening programme in Uppsala county starting in 1988 have been followed for the occurrence of breast cancer through 1993. The analysis was based on 295 cases and 589 age-matched controls, whose mammograms were blindly evaluated for parenchymal pattern and breast size. Women with P2 or DY pattern had a significantly elevated risk of breast cancer compared with women with N1 or P1 (OR = 2.09; 95% CI = 1.52-2.86). There was an inverse association of breast size with breast cancer risk, which disappeared after adjusting for parenchymal pattern, because breasts of smaller size tended to have high-risk parenchymal patterns. It is concluded that in Swedish women, and perhaps in Caucasian women in general, small breast size is associated with increasing breast risk through its association with high-risk parenchymal pattern. This is in contrast to the fact that Asian women, who in general have breasts of smaller size, have low prevalence of high-risk parenchymal pattern as well as low rates of breast cancer.
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| 6. |
- Wuu, J., et al.
(författare)
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Correlates of pregnancy oestrogen, progesterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in the USA and China
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0959-8278 .- 1473-5709. ; 11:3, s. 283-293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to examine perinatal correlates of oestradiol (E2), oestriol (E3), progesterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) among pregnant women in the USA and China. Three hundred and four Caucasian women in Boston and 335 Chinese women in Shanghai were studied. Levels of E2, E3, progesterone and SHBG were measured in maternal blood at weeks 16 and 27 of gestation, and correlated with maternal, gestational and perinatal characteristics. Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy is inversely associated with E2 and SHBG, whereas E3 is inversely associated with height and progesterone is inversely associated with weight and BMI. A previous live birth is associated with lower E2 and SHBG in the index pregnancy. Total gestation duration is inversely associated with E2, E3 and progesterone, whereas weight gain during pregnancy is inversely associated with progesterone and SHBG. In the US, pregnancies with female fetuses are characterized by significantly reduced progesterone. Pregnancy hormones are associated with several maternal, gestational and neonatal characteristics.
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| 7. |
- Xu, B., et al.
(författare)
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Maternal and gestational correlates of pregnancy prolactin and growth hormone in USA and China
- 2003
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0959-8278 .- 1473-5709. ; 12:1, s. 35-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to determine correlates of prolactin and growth hormone levels among pregnant women in the USA and China. We studied 304 pregnant Caucasian and 335 pregnant Chinese women. Levels of prolactin and growth hormone were measured at weeks 16 and 27 of gestation, and correlated with maternal, gestational and perinatal characteristics. Both growth hormone and, to a lesser extent, prolactin were inversely associated with pregnancy weight and body mass index, history of a previous live birth and newborn size, whereas educated women had higher levels of both hormones. Growth hormone levels were lower in women who gained more weight, smoked and had nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, whereas prolactin increased with longer total gestation. We found robust associations between maternal and newborn characteristics on the one hand and prolactin and growth hormone during pregnancy on the other.
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