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- Baldi, Francesco, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Energy and exergy analysis of a cruise ship
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ECOS 2015 - the 28th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - Pau : Pau University. - 9782955553909
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shipping sector is today facing numerous challenges. Fuel prices are expected to increase in the medium-long term, and a sharp turn in environmental regulations will require several companies to switch to more expensive distillate fuels. In this context, passenger ships represent a small but increasing share of the industry. The complexity of the energy system of a ship where the energy required by propulsion is no longer the trivial main contributor to the whole energy use thus makes this kind of ship of particular interest for the analysis of how energy is converted from its original form to its final use on board.To illustrate this, we performed an analysis of the energy and exergy flow rates of a cruise ship sailing in the Baltic Sea based on a combination of available measurements from ship operations and of mechanistic knowledge of the system. The energy analysis allows identifying propulsion as the main energy user (41% of the total) followed by heat (34%) and electric power (25%) generation; the exergy analysis allowed instead identifying the main inefficiencies of the system: exergy is primarily destroyed in all processes involving combustion (88% of the exergy destruction is generated in the Diesel engines and in the oil-fired boilers) and in the sea water cooler (5.4%); the main exergy losses happen instead in the exhaust gas, mostly from the main engines (67% of total losses) and particularly from those not equipped with heat recovery devices.The improved understanding which derives from the results of the energy and exergy analysis can be used as a guidance to identify where improvements of the systems should be directed.
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| 2. |
- Baldi, Francesco, 1986, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy and exergy analysis of a cruise ship
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energies. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 11:10, s. 1-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, the International Maritime Organization agreed on aiming to reduce shipping’s greenhouse gas emissions by 50% with respect to 2009 levels. Meanwhile, cruise ship tourism is growing at a fast pace, making the challenge of achieving this goal even harder. The complexity of the energy system of these ships makes them of particular interest from an energy systems perspective. To illustrate this, we analyzed the energy and exergy flow rates of a cruise ship sailing in the Baltic Sea based on measurements from one year of the ship’s operations. The energy analysis allows identifying propulsion as the main energy user (46% of the total) followed by heat (27%) and electric power (27%) generation; the exergy analysis allowed instead identifying the main inefficiencies of the system: while exergy is primarily destroyed in all processes involving combustion (76% of the total), the other main causes of exergy destruction are the turbochargers, the heat recovery steam generators, the steam heaters, the preheater in the accommodation heating systems, the sea water coolers, and the electric generators; the main exergy losses take place in the exhaust gas of the engines not equipped with heat recovery devices. The application of clustering of the ship’s operations based on the concept of typical operational days suggests that the use of five typical days provides a good approximation of the yearly ship’s operations and can hence be used for the design and optimization of the energy systems of the ship.
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| 3. |
- Baldi, Francesco, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal load allocation of complex ship power plants
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 124, s. 344-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a world with increased pressure on reducing fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, thecruise industry is growing in size and impact. In this context, further effort is required for improvingthe energy efficiency of cruise ship energy systems.In this paper, we propose a generic method for modelling the power plant of an isolated system withmechanical, electric and thermal power demands and for the optimal load allocation of the different componentsthat are able to fulfil the demand.The optimisation problem is presented in the form of a mixed integer linear programming (MINLP)problem, where the number of engines and/or boilers running is represented by the integer variables,while their respective load is represented by the non-integer variables. The individual components aremodelled using a combination of first-principle models and polynomial regressions, thus making thesystem nonlinear.The proposed method is applied to the load-allocation problem of a cruise ship sailing in the Baltic Sea,and used to compare the existing power plant with a hybrid propulsion plant. The results show thebenefits brought by using the proposing method, which allow estimating the performance of the hybridsystem (for which the load allocation is a non-trivial problem) while also including the contribution ofthe heat demand. This allows showing that, based on a reference round voyage, up to 3% savings couldbe achieved by installing the proposed system, compared to the existing one, and that a NPV of11 kUSD could be achieved already 5 years after the installation of the system.
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