| 1. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Application ArcGIS on Modified-WQI Method to Evaluate Water Quality of the Euphrates River, Iraq, Using Physicochemical Parameters
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. - Singapore : Springer. ; , s. 657-675
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global interest of the water bodies due to the water scarcity crisis encourages researchers to study the details water environment in different aspects. Consequently, this study objective to evaluate the water quality in the Euphrates River through adopted 11 physicochemical parameters measured at 16 locations during the 3 years (2009–2011) for both seasons (dry and wet). In this study, the water quality index model (WQIM) was calculated after modifying the weighted arithmetic method to define as MWQI. The chosen parameters were comprised of Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3, Na, K, Ca, Mg, TH, TDS, and EC. For the river section of locations (L.1–L.10), all readings of the selected parameters (expected HCO3) were increased more and more. Then, all concentrations of parameters were recorded the high increasing after location (L.10) at locations (L.11–L.14). The concentrations situation of HCO3 were verse vice at all locations. For the average values of 3 years (wet, dry, total), the MWQI of section length of the Euphrates River at locations (L.1–L.10) were classified as good water quality (class, C-II). The river section at locations (L.11–L.16, excepted L.13) was classified as poor water quality (class, C-III), while the location (L.13) was classified as very poor (class, C-IV). The interpolation prediction maps of the average readings (total, dry, and wet) of the Euphrates River were output in GIS using the interpolation model of IDWM.
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| 2. |
- Adamo, Nasrat, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual Water Trade and Food Security for Iraq
- 2023
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 15:7, s. 417-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq depends on its water resources from the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. Now, the flow of these rivers is decreasing, and Iraq is experiencing a water shortage problem. The situation is expected to be graver in the future if no action is considered. It is expected that the population will be about 70 million in 2050 and about 90 million in 2070. In such a case, thus, the quantities of water available in the future will not besufficient to produce most of the requirements of food security, whether that be from agricultural or animal products. To overcome this problem, water management planning should be based on scientific background to overcome the present and expected problems. One of the main factors to be considered should be based on scientific studies of the virtual water footprint of different food crops to provide the largest possible amount of virtual water and avoid the acute shortage of its national water from surface and ground irrigation water (blue water) and rainwater (green water), in addition to working hard to provide the largest possible amount of desalinated water and refined sewage (gray water). In addition, any strategic plan for sustainable development in the country must be comprehensive so that it is not satisfied with improving the situation in the field of food security related to water security, but rather among its other elements is community development that directly affects food security, including setting policies to reduce consumption by reducing the steady increase in population where the population rate is 2.97% now. Collective awareness and guidance programs in all the fields of water and food security are very important to be adopted, so that everyone knows that the issue of food security and what derives from it are an existential issue related to the survival of Iraq as a state and people. In this research, facts are stated so that action is to be considered to minimize the water shortage problem. The new strategic water resources management plan is to be adopted that considers existing and future expected problems.
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| 3. |
- Al-Mutawqi, Kareem Ghafel, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogeochemical processes and evaluation of groundwater in Al-Salman area - Iraqi Southern Desert
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Water and Land Development. - : Polish Academy of Sciences. - 1429-7426. ; 50, s. 220-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A field survey has been conducted for the study area using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and geological and geomorphological maps of the area. The study area is one of the important areas in Iraq characterized by scarce water resources. The purpose of the study is to determine the hydro-chemical processes and their relationship to groundwater quality carried out in the southwestern desert region of Iraq, where the region lacks extensive studies of water resources. Twenty-eight groundwater samples were collected from wells distributed between the eastern borders of Saudi Arabia and the West Bank of the Euphrates River. For the purpose of hydrogeochemical analyses, the Fetter method was used to collect and examine samples. A large part of the recharge area is located in Saudi Arabia, where the groundwater bearing aquifer represented by the Dammam formation extends to Iraq and Saudi Arabian International borders. The analysis determined the order of cations (Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+) and anions (Cl- > SO42- > HCO3-). High values of the variation coefficient (CV) correspond to the concentration of potassium, sodium and chloride ions (CV: 68.7, 64.7 and 64 respectively). To identify the hydrochemical water facies, the Piper diagram was used. It was found that 53% of the water samples belong to the Na-Cl type and 40% are of the Ca-Mg-Cl type, while the rest of the samples are the Ca-Cl type. To identify geochemical processes, it was found that ion exchange processes via chloroalkaline indices 1 and 2 are prevalent between Ca2+, Mg2+ in the groundwater and Na+, K+ in water bearing rocks. To learn more about the processes that led to the concentration of certain ions, such as sodium, it was found that they tend to be of silicate minerals related to surface runoff of water in recharge areas and carbonic rocks. It was also found that rock/soil-groundwater interaction and evaporation processes were the formal processes in the saturated zone and evaporation in the unsaturated zone are prevalent processes of groundwater ion concentration.
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| 4. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Application GIS Software to Determine the Distribution of T.D.S. Concentrations Along the Tigris River
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2nd Virtual International Scintific Agrticultural Conference 21-22 January 2021, Iraq. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tigris River is a major source to supply water for a big part of Iraq. Lately, Iraq has experienced water shortage problems such as variability in climate and the building of huge dams in the upstream countries (Turkey and Iran). In this work, the total dissolved salts (T.D.S.) were measured at fourteen sites on the Tigris River in two periods of the year 2014. The first period consisted of six rainy-months (April–September) and the second period covered non-rainy-months (October-March). Interpolation technique of inverse-distance-weighting (I.D.W.) in ArcGIS was applied to create the prediction maps of the river for (T.D.S.) concentration in both periods. The findings revealed that the (T.D.S.) levels continued to the last site in Al-Qurnah-city (Basrah) from the first site in Fish-Khabur-city (S-1). In the first period, the (T.D.S.) levels at fourteen selected sites were over the levels in the second period. According to World-Health-Organization (2003), the (T.D.S.) concentration on the Tigris River in both periods in 2014 was graded into five classes, then, the prediction maps of the (T.D.S.) classifications were created.
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| 5. |
- Ewiad, Salam Hussein, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of trihalomethane compounds formation in Baghdad water supply network
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences. - : Warsaw University of Life Sciences. - 2543-7496. ; 29:2, s. 136-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of four trihalomethane compounds (THMs) in raw, treated, and drinking water of seven water purification plants and the residential neighborhoods nearby in Baghdad. About 350 samples gathered between January and October 2017 and analyzed by the gas chromatography method. Results showed that THM annual levels in tap water ranged between 12 and 97.3 µg·l–1 in winter and summer consecutively, with a mean concentration of 60 µg·l–1, these concentrations did not exceed the level recommended by the WHO and the Iraqi standards. Statistical modeling by SPSS software for the formation of THM (the dependent factor) in the water supply network was undertaken using the measured water quality parameters (as independent factors) and utilizing multiple regression analysis. The model obtained has a high correlation (r = 0.842) and approved that the most affecting parameters on THM formation are total organic carbon, temperature, turbidity, total solids, and chlorine dose. The model that was derived may be used for the purposes of choosing appropriate THM-reduction procedures and the use of chlorine for improving the method of disinfection.
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| 6. |
- Jahad, Udai A., et al.
(författare)
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Flow characteristics and energy dissipation over stepped spillway with various step geometries: case study (steps with curve end sill)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied water science. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 2190-5487 .- 2190-5495. ; 14:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stepped weirs are used in a wide range of applications, designed to increase energy dissipation. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume on six stepped weir models, with a downstream angle of θ = 26.6°. The physical models used were on a scale of 10:1, and tests of discharges up to 0.055 m3/s were carried out. Several step geometries including traditional step, sill and curve geometries were used to study flow behavior and overall energy dissipation. The laboratory investigations were augmented by modelling numerically the within step flow and energy behavior using a 2-D CFD model, incorporating the k-ε model for turbulence closure. The results showed that energy dissipation was greatest for the curved steps by about 10.5%, where it was observed that the skimming flow regime was shifted to a higher discharge range. Numerical modelling results showed good agreement with the experimental results. An inspection of the modelled streamlines highlighted the increase in vortex intensity for the curve model, reflecting the strong circulation observed. The predicted stepwise energy dissipation showed the energy dissipation increase when the step number Ns increases. For the range of step height hs, tested, our results showed that energy dissipation increased with step height. The results from this study can be used to inform engineering design for steps with θ = 26.6° and provide estimates of the expected energy dissipation and residual energy.
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| 7. |
- Jat, Rajkumar, et al.
(författare)
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Deficit irrigation scheduling with mulching and yield prediction of guava (Psidium guajava L.) in a subtropical humid region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-665X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drip irrigation and mulching are often used to alleviate the problem of poor water management in many crops; however, these technologies have not yet been tested for applying water at critical stages of guava orchard growth in subtropical humid Tarai regions of India to improve the yield and quality. A field experiment was conducted over 2020 and 2021 which included three irrigation strategies: severe deficit irrigation (DI50), moderate deficit irrigation (DI75), and full irrigation (FI100), as well as four mulching methods: silver-black mulch (M-SB), black mulch (M-B), organic mulch (M-OM), and a control without mulch (M-WM). The results showed that both the relative leaf water content (RLWC) and the proline content exhibited an increasing trend with a decrease in the irrigation regime, resulting in a 123% increase in the proline content under DI50 conditions compared with FI100, while greater plant growth was recorded in fully irrigated plants and using silver-black mulch. Leaf nutrient analysis showed that FI100 and M-OM produced significantly higher concentrations of all nutrients. However, moderate deficit irrigation (DI75) along with silver-black mulch (M-SB) produced higher numbers of fruits per plant, higher average fruit weights, higher fruit yields, and maximum ascorbic acid contents. The irrigation water productivity (IWP) decreased with an increase in the irrigation regime; from severe water deficit to full irrigation, resulting in a 33.79% improvement in IWP under DI50 conditions as compared with FI100. Regression analysis outperforms principal component regression analysis for fruit yield prediction, with adjusted R-2 = 89.80%, RMSE = 1.91, MAE = 1.52, and MAPE = 3.83. The most important traits affecting the fruit yield of guava, based on stepwise regression, were leaf proline, leaf Cu, fruit weight, and IWP.
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| 8. |
- Abed, Salwan Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of severe metal pollution of street dust from various urban regions in Baghdad, Iraq
- 2020
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Ingår i: E3S Web of Conferences. - France : EDP Sciences. - 2267-1242. ; 158:1, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study sought to define the metals bioaccumulation from street dust in Baghdad, Iraq for the first time. The samples were collected that research the levels, sources, and health hazard model Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu. The geo accumulation Index (Igeo) found that the contamination level for Cd was moderately to strongly polluted in Karada, Jihad and Kinidi streets. Hence, it is important to measure the level of cadmium in the local environment. The relative bioaccumulation of chromium was high in Jadriyah Street (87.2%). The PCA showed two major sources of these minerals in Baghdad road dust that Cd, Zn are likely to originate from tire wear, brake wear and vehicular emissions as well as the fact that Cr and Cu originate from metal-processing industries. Assessing hazard to human health utilized measure population show suggested both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic hazards minerals Baghdad road dust harmless to human environment.
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| 9. |
- Abed, Salwan Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Water quality in the Tigris River within Baghdad, Iraq using Multivariate Statistical Techniques
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - UK : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 1294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research concentrated on the Tigris River water quality monitoring information. Some multivariate statistical techniques were applied like basic Ingredient (PC) test, discriminant analysis (DA), multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) to evaluate important parameters affecting water quality during year 2017-2018. The study included 25 water quality parameters, viz., Temperature (T), Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Turbidity (Tur), Total Alkaline (TA), Full rigidity (TH), Calcium (Ca+2), Chloride (Cl-1), Magnesium (Mg+2), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sulfate (SO4-2), Total Solids (TS), Suspended Solids (SS), Iron (Fe+2), Fluoride (F-1), Aluminum (Al+3), Nitrite (NO2-1), Nitrate (NO3-1), Silica (SiO2), Phosphate (PO4-3), Ammonia (NH3), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sodium (Na+1), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Generally, all the parameters were within the standards except Tur, TA, Ca+2, EC, SO4-2. The levels of Tur and EC are of critical factors influence upon the Tigris water quality. The PCA identified six principal components responsible for 78.12% of the variation caused by the industrial, domestic, municipal and agricultural runoff pollution sources. DA results produced the eight parameters; T, BOD5, EC, Mg+2, DO, Tur, Na+1, and COD as the most significant parameters differentiating the two parts of the year (the cold and warm seasons). The result of MLRA showed that BOD5, Na+1, T, DO, and PO4-3 are the important dependable factors for predicting the COD value as an indicator of organic and nonorganic pollution. This research demonstrated success importance utilizing Multivariate statistical methods like valuable instrument of administration, control, and preserve the water of the river.
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| 10. |
- Adamo, Nasrat, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Change: Droughts and Increasing Desertification in the Middle East, with Special Reference to Iraq
- 2022
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 14:7, s. 235-273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change impacts on Earth’s atmosphere have caused drastic changes in the environment of most regions of the world. The Middle East region ranks among the worst affected of these regions. This has taken forms of increasing atmospheric temperatures, intensive heat waves, decreased and erratic precipitation and general decline in water resources; all leading to frequent and longer droughts, desertification and giving rise to intensive and recurrent (SDS). The present conditions have led to increasing emissions of (GHG) in the earth atmosphere. All future projections especially those using (IPCC) models and emission scenarios indicate that the Middle East will undergo appreciable decrease in winter precipitation with increasing temperature until the end of this century both of which are inductive to increased dryness and desertification. Iraq as one of the countries of this region and due to its geographical location, its dependence mostly on surface water resources originating from neighboring countries, long years of neglect and bad land management put it in the most precarious and unstable position among the other countries of the region. Modelling studies have shown that Iraq is suffering now from excessive dryness and droughts, increasing loss of vegetation cover areas, increasing encroachment of sand dunes on agricultural lands, in addition to severe and frequent (SDS). These negative repercussions and their mitigations require solutions not on the local level alone but collective cooperation and work from all the countries of the region.
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