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- Alatalo, Tarja
(författare)
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Alla skolämnen ansvarar för elevers läsförmåga
- 2023. - 3
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Ingår i: Läsundervisningens grunder. - Malmö : Gleerups Utbildning AB. - 9789151109046 ; , s. 17-26
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Alatalo, Tarja, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of Teacher Competence : Trends over Time and Between Student Groups in the Swedish Compulsory School
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAchievement differences across schools have increased in Sweden during the past two decades, at the same time as average achievement levels have declined, for example in mathematics (Holmlund et al., 2014; SOU 2014:05) and reading (Skolverket, 2013). These negative trends may be related to schools’ demographic, organizational and resource prerequisites. The organizational basis for the Swedish compulsory school has undergone significant changes since the late 1980s, with free school choice, an increasing number of private schools and a larger autonomy for school leaders. The increased school segregation with respect to migration background since the implementation of these reforms (Yang Hansen & Gustafsson, 2016), could possibly be caused by the continuing decline in inclusion of migrant students and a related educational inequality in instructional quality and teacher competence. Inclusion is defined as a structure of organizing integration according to particular rules and regulations.The results of research on effects of teacher competence are, however, somewhat fragmented and unclear, at least with respect to effects on different student groups. This can partly be explained by uncertainties in the determination of crucial teacher characteristics. Making comparisons between for example authorized and unauthorized teachers has been shown to be problematic. There is vast research in this field which is characterized by severe methodological problems, e.g. with respect to drawing causal conclusions from cross-sectional observational data. For example, no correlation between student achievement and various resource factors has been found in some studies (e.g. Hanushek, 1997), whereas others found a positive correlation (e.g. Greenwald, Hedges & Laine, 1996).A teacher effect on student achievement is, however, well manifested (e.g., Gustafsson, 2003; Gustafsson & Myrberg, 2002; Johansson, Myrberg, & Rosén, 2015; Nye, Konstantopoulus, & Hedges, 2004; Rockoff, 2004), and the results also suggest that lower achieving students, as for example immigrants, are the more likely to benefit from increases in teacher effectiveness (e.g., Sanders, 1998). Teacher quality is, furthermore, one of the resource factors that explains most of the increase in performance differences between schools in Sweden (Björklund, Fredriksson, Gustafsson, & Öckert, 2010, Ch 7; Gustafsson & Myrberg, 2002). The general reduction in teacher quality in Sweden the last decades (SOU 2014:05), and the decreased equality of allocation of teacher competence between schools (Hansson & Gustafsson, 2016; OECD, 2013), supports these results. However, the variation between student outcomes that different teachers are achieving (Hanushek, 2003) needs to be further problematized and discussed. Teacher knowledge and skills, teacher training and teaching experience are examples of characteristics highlighted in different meta-studies (e.g., Greenwald, Hedges & Laine, 1996), that should be subject of such an investigation.This study intends to develop a precise and differentiated description of teacher quality for use in future analyses of relations between teacher competence and educational results, with focus on interactions with student composition of schools due to students’ socio-economic and migration backgrounds. The description is among other factors focusing on teacher’s basic knowledge, subject-related and pedagogical training, and type of teacher training program. One aim is to investigate the variation over time in access to qualified teachers and the variation in teacher qualifications between schools. In further analyses, the significance of the teacher characteristics for literacy and mathematics in grades 1 to 6 will be focused.Overall, the project, which this study is a part of, is expected to generate insights about essential conditions for effective and equitable teaching in Swedish and mathematics in primary school, and about distributions of teacher competence across schools with different student composition.
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- Alatalo, Tarja, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Divergent views among Swedish preschool teachers and primary school teachers regarding exchange of information on children’s linguistic development in the transition from preschool to school
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study’s overall purpose is to increase the knowledge of how children’s linguistic skills are taken advantage of and transmitted from preschool to school. The study focuses on teachers’ assumptions and statements of the linguistic work, with particular attention to the transmission of information on children’s early reading development from preschool to school.The following research questions are essential:• How do teachers in preschool and school define the language work in respective practices? • Does transfer of information on children’s linguistic development take place from preschool to school and in that case, which methods are used?To collect data on preschool and school linguistic work as well as priorities and transmission of information on children’s linguistic development, a questionnaire was constructed. During fall 2012, 100 preschool and school teachers from different parts of Sweden responded to the questionnaire. The questionnaire concentrates on questions about the work on children’s linguistic development with main focus on the transition phase from preschool to school.Our preliminary results show that focus in preschool teachers’ and primary school teachers’ linguistic work seem to differ from each other in some domains. Nor do they agree about if, what and how information on children’s linguistic development is transferred in the transition from preschool to school.
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- Alatalo, Tarja, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Exchange of information on children's linguistic development in the transition from preschool to preschool class - a pilot study
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the study was to investigate teachers’ experiences with information sharing regarding children’s linguistic development in the transition from preschool to preschool class. Research questions:* To what degree do teachers prioritize work with children’s linguistic development?* To what extent does exchange of information regarding children’s linguistic development take place in the transition from preschool to preschool class?* How is the information transmitted?* What kind of information is transmitted?To collect data on preschool and school linguistic work as well as priorities and transmission of information on children’s linguistic development, a questionnaire was constructed. During fall 2012, 76 preschool and preschool class teachers from different parts of Sweden responded to the questionnaire.Our results show that language development activities are highly prioritized in preschool and preschool class. A transfer of information on children’s language skills between preschool and preschool class takes place though focus seem to differ in some domains. Information is transferred both orally and written, mainly on a group level. Further research is needed on what- how- and why-questions. Another question is what impact the information transmission may have on preschool class activities.
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- Alatalo, Tarja, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Fokusgruppstudie om förskollärares uppfattningar om högläsning som ett redskap för att stödja barns framväxande läsförståelse i förskolan
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eftersom tidig språkstimulans är av betydelse för den skriftspråkliga utvecklingen kan det anses vara motiverat att förskolans undervisning genomförs medvetet utifrån en språkutvecklande pedagogik. Detta är en utgångspunkt för föreliggande studie, som har som syfte att undersöka verksamma förskollärares förhållningssätt till och uppfattningar om högläsning som verktyg för att stötta barns skriftspråkliga utveckling. Studiens centrala fokus riktas mot följande frågeställning: Hur och för vilket ändamål anger förskollärare att de organiserar högläsning i förskolan? Teoretiskt ramverkHögläsning har en given plats i förskolans verksamhet (Yopp & Yopp, 2006) och möjliggör språkutveckling i en social interaktion. Språkstimulans som ges i funktionella situationer och i en social kontext är gynnsam för barns språkutveckling (Guo et al., 2012). Dooley och Matthews (2009) använder begreppet “emergent comprehension” när de skriver om barns erfarenheter för att utveckla och påverka den framtida läsförståelsen. För att hjälpa barn att utveckla olika läs- och skrivpraktiker (kodknäckning, meningsskapande, textanvändning och kritisk textläsning) behöver läraren planera aktiviteter både utifrån kunskap om lärande och undervisning och kunskap om processer i barns läs- och skrivutveckling (Freebody & Luke, 1990). Särskilt viktig är denna breda kunskapsförankring då enbart miljö och material som stimulerar till skriftspråklig utveckling inte ger optimalt lärande, utan läraren behöver dessutom uppmuntra, instruera och ge respons, vilket implicerar en bred kunskapsbas hos läraren (Guo et al., 2012). Metodologi/forsningsdesignHögläsning av berättelser och faktatext för olika stora barngrupper i 3-4-års ålder i förskolan videofilmades för att användas i fokusgruppssamtal. De filmade lärarna intervjuades efteråt kort om didaktiska frågor om högläsningssituationen. Tre grupper om fem andra förskollärare från olika förskolor i två kommuner deltog i fokusgruppssamtal med fokus på högläsning i förskolan. Fokusgruppssamtalen som leddes av en moderator utgick från videosekvenser i början och slut av högläsning. Dessutom diskuterades i fokusgrupperna utsagor från intervjuerna med de tidigare videofilmade lärarna. ResultatStudiens bidrag till kunskapsområdet utgörs av dess fokus på lärares utsagor om riktade aktiviteter för att stötta barns språkutveckling. Även om informanterna framhåller högläsningens möjligheter som verktyg för språkutveckling, framträder endast undantagsvis att högläsning genomförs som en medveten eller systematisk språkutvecklande undervisning. Högläsning framstår snarare som en i raden av pedagogiska verktyg i förskolans vardag, där omsorgsfaktorn framträder som viktigare än språkutvecklande undervisning. Relevens för forsningsfältet Då förskolan har fått utökat ansvar för barns lärande och utveckling bidrar studien med kunskap för såväl verksamma som blivande förskollärare. ReferenserGuo, Y., Justice, L. M., Kaderavek, J. N., & McGinty, A. (2012). The literacy environment of preschool classrooms: contributions to children’s emergent literacy growth. Journal of Research in Reading, 35(3), 308-327.Dooley, C. M. & Matthews, M. W. (2009). Emergent comprehension: Understanding comprehension development among young literacy learners. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 9(3), 269-294.Freebody, P., & Luke, A. (1990). Literacies programs: Debates and demands in cultural context. Prospect: Australian Journal of TESOL, 5(7), 7-16.Yopp, R. H., & Yopp, H. K. (2006). Informational text as read-alouds at school and home. Journal of Literacy Research, 38, 37-51.
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