| 1. |
- Clausen, Geo, et al.
(författare)
-
Children's health and its association with indoor environments in Danish homes and daycare centres - methods
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 22:6, s. 467-475
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The principle objective of the Danish research program 'Indoor Environment and Children's Health' (IECH) was to explore associations between various exposures that children experience in their indoor environments (specifically their homes and daycare centers) and their well-being and health. The targeted health endpoints were allergy, asthma, and certain respiratory symptoms. The study was designed with two stages. In the first stage, a questionnaire survey was distributed to more than 17000 families with children between the ages of 1 and 5. The questionnaire focused on the children's health and the environments within the homes they inhabited and daycare facilities they attended. More than 11000 questionnaires were returned. In the second stage, a subsample of 500 children was selected for more detailed studies, including an extensive set of measurements in their homes and daycare centers and a clinical examination; all clinical examinations were carried out by the same physician. In this study, the methods used for data collection within the IECH research program are presented and discussed. Furthermore, initial findings are presented regarding descriptors of the study population and selected characteristics of the children's dwellings and daycare centers. Practical Implications: This study outlines methods that might be followed by future investigators conducting large-scale field studies of potential connections between various indoor environmental factors and selected health endpoints. Of particular note are (i) the two-stage design - a broad questionnaire-based survey followed by a more intensive set of measurements among a subset of participants who have been selected based on their responses to the questionnaire; (ii) the case-base approach utilized in the stage 2 in contrast to the more commonly used case-control approach; (iii) the inclusion of the children's daycare environment when conducting intensive sampling to more fully capture the children's total indoor exposure; and (iv) all clinical examinations conducted by the same physician. We recognize that future investigators are unlikely to fully duplicate the methods outlined in this study, but we hope that it provides a useful starting point in terms of factors that might be considered when designing such a study.
|
|
| 2. |
- Tadesse, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Isolation and synthesis of pulmonarin A and B, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from the colonial ascidian Synoicum pulmonaria
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of natural products (Print). - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0163-3864 .- 1520-6025. ; 77:2, s. 364-369
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulmonarins A and B are two new dibrominated marine acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that were isolated and characterized from the sub-Arctic ascidian Synoicum pulmonaria collected off the Norwegian coast. The structures of natural pulmonarins A and B were tentatively elucidated by spectroscopic methods and later verified by comparison with synthetically prepared material. Both pulmonarins A and B displayed reversible, noncompetitive acetylcholinesterase inhibition comparable to several known natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitiors. Pulmonarin B was the strongest inhibitor, with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 20 μM. In addition to reversible, noncompetitive acetylcholinesterase inhibition, the compounds displayed weak antibacterial activity but no cytotoxicity or other investigated bioactivities.
|
|
| 3. |
- Cea, B., et al.
(författare)
-
Development and Evaluation of an Innovative Method Based on Dilution to Sample Solid and Condensable Fractions of Particles Emitted by Residential Wood Combustion
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society. - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 35:23, s. 19705-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An innovative and simple method based on dilution, named as the dilution chamber (DC), allowing the measurement of solid and condensable fractions of particulate matter emitted by residential wood combustion appliances has been developed, and its performances have been evaluated. The DC method was then tested by five European institutes (Ineris, ISSI/ENEA, DTI, and RISE) on advanced residential wood log/pellet stoves, under nominal output and low output combustion conditions and using different fuel types. The aim of the study was to evaluate the capability of the DC method to collect the condensable fraction. The DC method was compared with another manual method used to collect the solid and condensable fractions at the same time, the dilution tunnel (DT), on four sampling platforms. A third method, a combining heated filter and impinger filled in with isopropanol collection (SPC-IPA), was also used by Ineris only for comparison with the DC method. PM measurements based on the DC method globally showed a linear correlation with PM measurements based on DT (R2 ranged between 0.81 and 0.99, p < 0.05) specifically for the residential wood stoves under low output conditions when the condensable fraction contributes the most. An analysis and quantification of PAHs related to the total mass of PM of samples taken by the DC method and performed by ENEA/ISSI showed that it produces a condensation effect of semivolatile species comparable or even greater than the DT method. PM emission factors calculated from PM measurements based on the DC method were (i) about 2- to 20-fold higher for the residential wood stoves (EF ranged between 201 to 2420 g GJ-1) compared to those obtained for the residential pellet stoves (EF ranged between 108 to 556 g GJ-1) and (ii) of the same magnitude of PM emission factors from the literature or the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook.
|
|
| 4. |
- Fraboulet, I., et al.
(författare)
-
European inter-comparison campaigns on pm and OGCS atmospheric emissions test methods from residential wood combustion using a stack simulator generating real biomass combustion gases
- 2020
-
Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. ; , s. 812-816
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 20/20/20 target for Europe, will lead to an increased use of biomass combustion, e.g. using wood logs and wood pellets. On the other hand, the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) lies down stringent requirements on maximum levels of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air. Domestic wood combustion emits particulate matter (PM) which are of concern to authorities and the public. Several different methods of PM measurements have historically been used to perform type testing of solid fuelled residential appliances and boilers. This method shall give repeatable results that are of a guaranteed traceable accuracy, and by this means give the consumer reliable information on the suitability of a particular appliance or boiler. One of the main methods used in Europe consists of sampling the solid fraction of aerosols using a heated filter, this method does not include the collection of the condensable fraction, OGC measurements are performed using FID method.The aim of this work carried out within the EMPIR IMPRESS2 Project was to evaluate the performances of this method by performing intercomparisons using a stack simulator generating real biomass combustion gases.
|
|
| 5. |
- Magnusson, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
-
Uncertainty from sampling - a nordtest handbook for sampling planners on sampling quality assurance and uncertainty estimation
- 2008
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- The handbook provides practical guidance on sampling uncertainty estimation in the Nordtest TR handbook format. The handbook is an extract of and based upon the principles, methods and text of the international Eurachem Guide Estimation of measurement uncertainty arising from sampling. The Eurachem guide is more extensive and provides details on theory and additional examples. The basic reference for the text in this handbook is the above-mentioned Eurachem guide. The overall purpose of this handbook has been to provide those working with investigations, monitoring and control that require sampling with a set of tools for calculation and control of the sampling uncertainty of their sampling procedure. Four examples illustrate the application of different methods and tools, while allowing you to follow all steps of the calculations. Although the examples are given for specific matrices (groundwater, iron ore, baby food and wastewater) the approaches are widely applicable. It is the intention of the project group to make these tools and the understanding of their use available outside the world of analytical chemistry, although the basic principles applied originate from analytical chemistry.
|
|
