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| 2. |
- Andersson, Eva, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Contextual poverty and obtained educational level and income in Sweden and the Netherlands : A multi-scale and longitudinal study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 60:5, s. 885-903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of neighbourhood effects typically measure the neighbourhood context at one specific spatial scale. It is increasingly acknowledged, however, that the mechanisms through which the residential context affects individual outcomes may operate at different spatial scales, ranging from the very immediate environment to the metropolitan region. We take a multi-scale approach to investigate the extent to which concentrated poverty in adolescence is related to obtained education level and income later in life, by measuring the residential context as bespoke neighbourhoods at five geographical scales that range from areas encompassing the 200 nearest neighbours to areas that include the 200k+ nearest neighbours. We use individual-level geocoded longitudinal register data from Sweden and the Netherlands to follow 15/16-year-olds until they are 30 years old. The findings show that the contextual effects on education are very similar in both countries. Living in a poor area as a teenager is related to a lower obtained educational level when people are in their late 20s. This relationship, however, is stronger for lower spatial scales. We also find effects of contextual poverty on income in both countries. Overall, this effect is stronger in the Netherlands than in Sweden. Partly, this is related to differences in spatial structure. If only individuals in densely populated areas in Sweden are considered, effects on income are similar across the two countries and income effects are more stable across spatial scales. Overall, we find important evidence that the scalar properties of neighbourhood effects differ across life-course outcomes.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Eva K., 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Contextual effects on educational attainment in individualized, scalable neighborhoods; differences across gender and social class
- 2015
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 52:12, s. 2117-2133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses whether a multi-scale representation of geographical context based on statistical aggregates computed for individualised neighbourhoods can lead to improved estimates of neighbourhood effect. Our study group consists of individuals born in 1980 that have lived in Sweden since 1995 and we analyse the effect of neighbourhood context at age 15 on educational outcome at age 30 controlling for parental background. A new piece of software, Equipop, was used to compute the socio-economic composition of neighbourhoods centred on individual residential locations and ranging in scale from including the nearest 12 to the nearest 25,600 neighbours. Our results indicate that context measures based on fixed geographical sub-divisions can lead to an underestimation of neighbourhood effects. A multi-scalar representation of geographical context also makes it easier to estimate how neighbourhood effects vary across different demographic groups. This indicates that scale-sensitive measures of geographical context could help to re-invigorate the neighbourhood effects literature.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Eva K., et al.
(författare)
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Segregation and the effects of adolescent residential context on poverty risks and early income career : A study of the Swedish 1980 cohort
- 2018
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 55:2, s. 365-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Will the consequences of residential segregation, that is, spatial concentration of marginalized populations on the one hand, and spatial concentration of affluent populations on the other hand, generate a situation where individual life trajectories are influenced by where individuals grow up? Our aim is to analyze how poverty risks and early income career at adult age are influenced by different neighborhood contexts in early youth. We use Swedish longitudinal register data, and follow individuals born in 1980 until 2012. Residential context is measured in 1995 at age 15 by expanding a buffer around the residential locations of each individual and, by computing statistical aggregates of different socio-demographic variables for that population. The results show that poverty risks increase for individuals growing up in areas characterized by high numbers of social allowance recipients living nearby, whereas elite geographical context is favorable for both women’s and men’s future income.
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| 7. |
- Clark, William A V, et al.
(författare)
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Segregation and De-segregation in Metropolitan Contexts : Los Angeles as a Paradigm for a Changing Ethnic World
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The residential changes in the Los Angeles metropolitan area can be seen as a metaphor for the kinds of changes which are occurring and will continue to accelerate in the large metropolitan areas of the United States and global cities more generally. New immigrants are changing the ethnic patterns of neighborhoods and communities, and the old patterns of black white segregation are increasingly a picture of the past. In this paper we use a variant of a nearest neighbor approach to map, graph and evaluate the likelihood of individuals meeting other similar race individuals or of meeting individuals of a different race or ethnicity. The research provides evidence that segregation is decreasing between some groups, increasing between others and that the distribution of mixed race individuals is a growing part of the story about residential ethnic patterns. In a series of maps of both homogeneity and heterogeneity the research shows how the metropolitan areas, represented in this case by Los Angeles, are now patterns of complex living arrangements with multiple groups inhabiting both local neighborhoods and wider community spheres. In this study we identify emerging mixed neighborhoods of different types. Some neighborhoods are disadvantaged in terms of income and employment others are among the most advantaged in the Los Angeles area. Overall the picture is one of growing complexity in the patterns of racial and ethnic groups.
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| 8. |
- Kawalerowicz, Juta, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 in the neighbourhood : the socio-spatial selectivity of severe COVID-19 cases in Sweden, March 2020-June 2021
- 2023
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Ingår i: GeoJournal. - 0343-2521 .- 1572-9893. ; 88, s. 5757-5773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we analyse spatial and temporal variation in the risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission for COVID-19 in Sweden. The analysis is based on geocoded and time-stamped data from the Swedish Intensive Care Registry (SIR). We merge this data with a classification of Swedish neighbourhood cluster types constructed from multi-scalar measures of socio-economic and country of birth segregation (Kawalerowicz and Malmberg in Multiscalar typology of residential areas in Sweden, 2021 available from https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.14753826.v1). We examine 1) if residence in more socio-economically deprived or diverse neighbourhood cluster types was associated with a higher risk of ICU admission for COVID-19, 2) if residence in more affluent neighbourhoods was associated with a lower risk of ICU admission for COVID-19, and 3) how these patterns changed over time during the three first waves of the pandemic. While the highest overall risk was associated with residence in urban disadvantage coupled with diversity, models where neighbourhood cluster types were interacted with waves reveal that the highest risk was associated with living in a neighbourhood cluster type characterised by rural town disadvantage coupled with diversity under the 3rd wave (February 2021–June 2021). Residence in such a neighbourhood cluster type was associated with a four times higher risk of ICU admission, compared to the reference category of living in a homogeneous rural neighbourhood cluster type with average levels of deprivation under wave 1. Looking at disparities within each wave we found that residence in most affluent urban areas was at first associated with a slightly higher risk of ICU admission for COVID-19 as compared with the reference category of living in a homogeneous rural neighbourhood cluster type, but under waves 2 and 3 this risk was no longer statistically significant. The largest inequalities between different neighbourhood cluster types could be seen during the 1st wave. Over time, the risks converged between different neighbourhood cluster types.
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| 10. |
- Malmberg, Bo, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Life-Course Trajectories in Local Spatial Contexts Across Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Annals of the American Association of Geographers. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2469-4452 .- 2469-4460. ; 113:2, s. 448-468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores typical life-course trajectories based on annual observations of educational participation, employment, and establishing a family from age sixteen to age thirty. Using latent class analysis, we identify seven different trajectory classes that capture the different life courses experienced by individuals born in 1986. Examples of trajectory classes are (1) an early partner and childbearing trajectory; (2) a trajectory that mixes employment and a long postsecondary education into the later twenties; and (3) a trajectory involving low activity, very little employment, very little postsecondary education, and not starting a family. The classes identified correspond closely to trajectories found in earlier qualitative studies using life-history interviews, but in contrast to these studies that each encompass a few dozen individuals or less, our approach identifies trajectories for the individuals of an entire birth cohort. This allows for analysis of the geographical distribution of trajectories across regions, municipality types, and neighborhoods. Individuals following long postsecondary education trajectories were heavily concentrated in metropolitan areas and university towns. At the same age, individuals following early childbearing trajectories were concentrated instead in peripheral, rural areas. Individuals from nonmetropolitan areas also tend to follow more gender-polarized trajectories. Moreover, we find that there is more trajectory-based segregation at age thirty than at age fifteen. Theoretically, our study gives support to the idea that places are structured on the basis of life-course trajectories. Local context influences how individuals are linked into different trajectories and, at the same time, the spatial sorting of trajectories will shape local contexts.
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