| 1. |
- Andersson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Radar Images of Leaks in Building Elements
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 78, s. 1726-1731
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through leakage in the building envelope there is a penetration of air, water vapor and particles. The degree of leakage of air can be quantified by existing methods. However, the location of adventitious openings is often not known. In order to overcome the limitations in existing methods, a non-contact and non-destructive method based on ultra-wide bandwidth radar technology is suggested. A test-bed is designed that can measure with different polarization to be able to detect flaws in different directions. Initial measurements shows promising results for further development of the method of using radar images to find leaks in building elements.
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Hanna, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
-
Anchoring effect in judgments of objective fact and subjective preference
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Food Quality and Preference. - : Elsevier. - 0950-3293 .- 1873-6343. ; 88
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The way by which various sources of external information interact in their effects on judgment is rarely investigated. Here, we report two experiments that examine how two sources of external information—an anchor (a reference price) and an eco-label—influence judgments of an objective fact (product price) and a subjective preference (willingness-to-pay for the product). Participants’ price judgments were drawn in the direction of the anchor point, whereas the eco-label resulted in higher judgments of objective fact (Experiment 1) but did not influence subjective preference (Experiment 2). Interestingly, the eco-label seemed to strengthen the effect of the high anchor in judgments of objective fact. Further, participants with higher environmental concern answered a higher price on the subjective preference questions when they received a high anchor, as well as a lower price when they received a low anchor in comparison to the low environmental concern group. This study demonstrates that various external information sources can strengthen each other’s effects on consumer belief about products, while the effects are weaker for consumers’ preferences. The implications of the results for decision making are discussed.
|
|
| 3. |
- Andersson, Hanna, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
-
The negative footprint illusion is exacerbated by the numerosity of environment-friendly additions: unveiling the underpinning mechanisms
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 36:2, s. 295-307
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The addition of environmentally friendly items to conventional items sometimes leads people to believe that the carbon footprint of the entire set decreases rather than increases. This negative footprint illusion is supposedly underpinned by an averaging bias: people base environmental impact estimates not on the total impact of items but on their average. Here, we found that the illusion's magnitude increased with the addition of a greater number of "green" items when the number of conventional items remained constant (Studies 1 and 2), supporting the averaging-bias account. We challenged this account by testing what happens when the number of items in the conventional and "green" categories vary while holding the ratio between the two categories constant (Study 3). At odds with the averaging-bias account, the magnitude of the illusion increased as the category size increased, revealing a category-size bias, and raising questions about the interplay between these biases in the illusion.
|
|
| 4. |
- Andersson, Hanna, 1991-
(författare)
-
Tradeoffs between self and environment in environmental judgment and decision making
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the greatest challenges of today is to change our behavior to act more pro-environmentally to reduce global warming. We need to make sacrifices for the environment, e.g., use a means of transportation that take a longer time but causes less CO2 emission. The present thesis aims to study different factors (intrinsic, extrinsic motivational, and extrinsic motivational-neutral information) that influence us when making tradeoffs between self and environment. Paper I examined how an anchor (a reference price) and an ecolabel influence price judgments. It was found that both a judgment of an objective fact (product price) and a subjective preference (willingness to pay for the product) were affected by an anchor. An eco-label resulted in higher judgments of objective facts. People with higher environmental concern were more affected by an anchor when stating their willingness to pay than their low concern counterparts. In Paper II and Paper III, an interaction between a high anchor and a normative message that put the emissions into context was found when making a tradeoff between CO2 emissions and travel time for a flight (Paper II) or a car journey (Paper III). People with higher concern for the environment gave a longer travel time when they received a high anchor (Paper II and Paper III) or no anchor (Paper III). Paper IV investigated how a survey measuring environmental concern can be divided to different indices and how they predict answers in a tradeoff task. The result suggests that a two-factor structure divided into ecocentric and anthropocentric concern is a possible alternative and that people scoring higher on any of the environmental concern indices were willing to travel for a longer time. Taken together, the results show that normative messages, anchors, and concern for the environment are factors that can influence and interact when people make tradeoffs between self and environment in environmental judgment and decision making.
|
|
| 5. |
- Bökman, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
The psychology of balancing gains and losses for self and the environment : Evidence from a carbon emission versus travel time tradeoff task
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 74
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- If human behavior is to become more sustainable, people will have to be willing to sacrifice personal gains and benefits for the sake of sustainability. Decisions will have to involve making tradeoffs between what is good for the self and what is good for sustainability. In the present paper, we studied the psychology of such tradeoffs in the context of a carbon dioxide (CO2) emission versus travel time tradeoff task. The experiment investigated how intrinsic motivational factors (environmental concern), extrinsic motivational information (a normative message) and extrinsic motivation-neutral information (anchors) influence these tradeoffs. The results revealed that extrinsic factors interact in their effects on tradeoffs such that participants were willing to travel for a longer time for the benefit of less CO2 emissions when they were externally motivated by a normative message, but only when this motivational emphasis was combined with a high anchor. Furthermore, this interaction was particularly strong in participants with high environmental concern. We conclude that extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors interact in their effect on making people willing to accept personal losses in exchange for sustainability gains and that these motivational factors may have to be combined with further extrinsic information to influence decisions.
|
|
| 6. |
- Choudhary, Vipin, et al.
(författare)
-
A Non-destructive Testing Method in Industrial Processes to Determine the Complex Refractive Index Using Ultra-Wide Band Radio
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - : IEEE. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748 .- 2379-9153. ; 22:8, s. 7752-7762
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An ultra-wide band measurement method for determining the complex refractive index of large-volume objects is presented. The method is intended for industrial non-destructive testing. It uses a frequency-domain technique in which transmitted radio pulses are analyzed and the effects of near field and coupling on the determined refractive index are compensated. Measurements were performed in an industrial setup with electromagnetic sensors buried in the object. The results are presented for woodchips as an object. The refractive index was experimentally determined in the frequency range 0.5-3.0 GHz. Additionally, we designed and manufactured planar quasi-differential elliptical-antennas as electromagnetic sensors. The results from the industrial measurement setup were compared with the results of the laboratory setup, in which the sensors were placed outside the test box and near field and coupling effects could be neglected. The complex refractive index determined for the two setups was in good agreement, which corroborates the proposed method for compensating for coupling and near-field effects. The complex refractive index of woodchips changes with the moisture content. It is experimental verified using the industrial setup that the moisture content can be determined with a 2 percent error.
|
|
| 7. |
- Holmgren, Mattias, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
-
Averaging bias in environmental impact estimates : Evidence from the negative footprint illusion
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 55, s. 48-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we argue that unsustainable behaviors often stem from a common averaging bias when people estimate the environmental impact of a set of environmentally friendly and less friendly objects or actions. In Experiment 1, we show that people believe that the total carbon footprint of a category of items (a community of buildings in this case) is lower, rather than higher, when environmentally friendly (“green” buildings) items are added to the category, a negative footprint illusion. Experiment 2 showed that the carbon footprint estimate assigned to a category with a mix of environmentally friendly and less friendly objects (“green” and conventional buildings) is the average of its subsets (the “green” buildings and the conventional buildings, respectively), an averaging bias. A similar averaging process may underpin estimates of the environmental impact of people's own actions, explaining why people believe that environmentally friendly actions can compensate for less friendly actions.
|
|
| 8. |
- Ottosson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
An ultra-wideband system for measuring the dielectric properties of mineral compounds in a heat-reaction chamber at high temperatures
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : IEEE. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A measurement system for the measurement of microwave dielectric properties of mineral compounds at temperatures up to +1000°C is presented. It includes the simultaneous measurement of mass and temperature. Samples volumes in the range 0.01 to 0.1 m 3 can be studied. The system comprises a heat reaction chamber on a mass scale with mounted ultra-wideband (UWB) radio sensors and temperature probes. The complex refractive index is determined from the UWB signals using a technique with windowing to suppress interference and fitting of a modelled signal to the experimental ones. The developed method is validated by measuring the complex refractive index of water from +82°C down to +23°C and comparing with literature values. The systems is used to study calcination of limestone, i.e. the chemical decomposition of CaCO 3 to CaO and CO 2 when heated up to +1000°C. The chemical decomposition is clearly seen as a decrease in mass and as significant changes in the complex refractive index. The system could be used also for other mineral compounds and other types of materials.
|
|
| 9. |
- Ottosson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
UWB Radio Measurement and Time-Domain Analysis of Anisotropy in Wood Chips
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 18:22, s. 9112-9119
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio transmission measurements have been used to determine the moisture content of wood chips using a time domain technique. Wood chips have been found to have birefringent dielectric properties acting as an anisotropic dielectric effective medium. Birefringence in wood chips occurs because of the orientation and the shape of wood chips, and microscopic structures of these objects, like wood fibers. The birefringence gives rise to two different wavefronts along the principal axes that have different dielectric properties. Each wavefront has a specific time-domain signal, that can be used to determine the moisture content. In industrial applications, for example in measurement on wood chips in trucks, the vertical polarization direction is the preferable polarization because this signal has higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which makes the signal more identifiable at longer distance (2-3 m). Thus, UWB radio transmission measurement and time-domain analysis is a robust technology to investigate larger containers of wood chips and to determine the moisture content with high accuracy.
|
|
| 10. |
- Rönnow, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Microwave complex permittivity and anisotropy of conifer wood chips vs moisture content: experiments and modeling
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Wood Science. - : Springer. - 1435-0211 .- 1611-4663. ; 68:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The complex microwave permittivity-including anisotropy- of wood chips of softwood has been measured for different moisture contents in the band 0.75 to 2.5 GHz using an ultra-wide band radio transmission technique. The real and imaginary parts increase monotonically with moisture content. The wood chips are oriented by gravity, which gives anisotropic permittivity. The anisotropy ratio of the real part increases from 1.1 to 1.6 with moisture content from 0 to 120%. The anisotropy ratio of the imaginary part is around 2.5 at all moisture contents. Effective medium models were used to model the permittivity. The Bruggeman, and two versions of the Maxwell Garnett model gave good results at low moisture content (below the fiber saturation point). Above the fiber saturation point only the Bruggeman model gave results in agreement with experiments. The difference in model performance suggests that the free water does not follow the wood chips geometry.
|
|
