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| 2. |
- Blum, Kristin M., 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Mass fluxes per capita of organic contaminants from on-site sewage treatment facilities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; :201, s. 864-873
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study is the first attempt to quantify environmental fluxes per capita of organic contaminants discharged from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) in affected recipients. Five sites were monitored around the River Fyris in Sweden: three mainly affected by OSSFs and two mainly affected by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine environmental concentrations of 30 anthropogenic contaminants, including organophosphorus compounds, rubber and plastic additives, UV stabilizers, fragrances, surfactant ingredients and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Uni- and multivariate statistical analysis of the most frequently detected contaminants showed that median fluxes per capita of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and n-butylbenzene sulfonamide were similar at OSSF and STP sites, but the mass fluxes per capita of tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, and galaxolide, were significantly lower (~2 to 3-fold) at OSSF sites than at STP sites (Mann-Whitney, α = 0.05). Differences between these sites were larger in samples collected in summer and autumn than in samples collected in winter. Deviations likely originated from differences in treatment technology and distances between source and sampling sites. Further studies are needed to characterize mass fluxes per capita of contaminants in waters that directly receive discharges from OSSFs.
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| 3. |
- Blum, Kristin M., et al.
(författare)
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Non-target screening and prioritization of potentially persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic domestic wastewater contaminants and their removal in on-site and large-scale sewage treatment plants
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 575, s. 265-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs), which are used to reduce nutrient emissions in rural areas, were screened for anthropogenic compounds with two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS). The detected compounds were prioritized based on their persistence, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity, removal efficiency, and concentrations. This comprehensive prioritization strategy, which was used for the first time on OSSF samples, ranked galaxolide, α-tocopheryl acetate, octocrylene, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol, several chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants and linear alkyl benzenes as the most relevant compounds being emitted from OSSFs. Twenty-six target analytes were then selected for further removal efficiency analysis, including compounds from the priority list along with substances from the same chemical classes, and a few reference compounds. We found significantly better removal of two polar contaminants 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (p = 0.0003) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (p = 0.005) in soil beds, a common type of OSSF in Sweden, compared with conventional sewage treatment plants. We also report median removal efficiencies in OSSFs for compounds not studied in this context before, viz. α-tocopheryl acetate (96%), benzophenone (83%), 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole (64%), 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (33%), and a range of organophosphorus flame retardants (19% to 98%). The environmental load of the top prioritized compounds in soil bed effluents were in the thousands of nanogram per liter range, viz. 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (3000 ng L− 1), galaxolide (1400 ng L− 1), octocrylene (1200 ng L− 1), and α-tocopheryl acetate (660 ng L− 1).
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| 4. |
- Blum, Kristin M., et al.
(författare)
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Persistence, mobility and bioavailability of emerging organic contaminants discharged from sewage treatment plants
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 612, s. 1532-1542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the impact of emissions of micropollutants from small and large-scale sewage treatment plants (STPs) on drinking water source areas. We investigated a populated catchment that drains into Lake Malaren, which is the drinking water source for around 2 million people including the inhabitants of Stockholm, Sweden. To assess the persistence, mobility, bioavailability and bioaccumulation of 32 structurally diverse emerging organic contaminants, sediment, integrated passive and grab water samples were collected along the catchment of the River Fyris, Sweden. The samples were complemented with STP effluent and fish samples from one sampling event. Contaminants identified as persistent, mobile, and bioavailable were 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1,3,4,7-tetrahydrocyclopenta[g] isochromene (galaxolide), 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Galaxolide and 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol were additionally found to be bioaccumulative, whereas n-butylbenzenesulfonamide was found to be only persistent and mobile. The total median mass flux of the persistent and mobile target analytes from Lake Ekoln into the drinking water source area of Lake Malaren was estimated to be 27 kg per year. Additionally, 10 contaminants were tentatively identified by non-target screening using NIST library searches and manual review. Two of those were confirmed by reference standards and further two contaminants, propylene glycol and rose acetate, were discharged from STPs and travelled far from the source. Attenuation of mass fluxes was highest in the summer and autumn seasons, suggesting the importance of biological degradation and photodegradation for the persistence of the studied compounds.
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| 5. |
- Dürig, Wiebke, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a suspect screening prioritization tool for organic compounds in water and biota
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 222, s. 904-912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A customizable in silico tool (SusTool) for generating high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) suspect screening lists, specifically designed for the detection of hazardous organic compounds in various environmental compartments, was created. A database consisting of similar to 32 000 environmentally relevant organic compounds was constructed, including data on their physicochemical properties, environmental fate characteristics, and endocrine disruption potential, along with emissions and quantity indices. Welldefined customized suspect lists were generated by systematic ranking using a scoring and weighting procedure. For demonstration purposes, three suspect screening lists were created, one for water (SLWater) and two for biota covering less (SLBiota Kow<5 ) or more hydrophobic chemicals (SLBiota Kow>3). Scrutiny of overlaps between compounds within these lists and the SusDat database (20 suspect lists comprising similar to 58 000 compounds compiled by the Norman network) showed that approximately half of the compounds in the three suspect lists were also listed in one of the SusDat database lists. This indicates that SusTool is able to include highly relevant emerging pollutants, but also captures other compounds of potential concern that have been less well studied or not yet investigated. Overall, our in silico prioritization approach enables systematic creation of suspect screening lists and provides new opportunities for suspect screening for environmentally relevant compounds.
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| 6. |
- Gao, Qiuju, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of on-site wastewater infiltration systems on organic contaminants in groundwater and recipient waters
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 651, s. 1670-1679
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On-site sewage treatment facilities, particularly septic systems combined with soil infiltration, can be an important source of emerging organic contaminants in groundwater and surface water and thus represent a significant source of environmental and human exposure. Two infiltration systems in Åre municipality, Sweden, were examined to assess the occurrence of contaminants in groundwater and their fate and transport during infiltration. Groundwater samples, recipient surface water samples, and wastewater samples from septic tanks were collected from 2016 to 2017 covering all climatological seasons. These samples were analysed for a total of 103 contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, organic phosphorus flame-retardants, plasticisers, perfluoroalkyl substances, and food additives. Fourteen of 103 contaminants showed 100% detection frequency in groundwater at concentrations in the low ng L−1 to low μg L−1 range. Of the compounds analysed, tris(2‑butoxyethyl) phosphate, sucralose, caffeine, and benzophenone showed high abundancy with maximum concentrations in the μg L−1 range. The data were normalised for dilution using chloride and sucralose as commonly applied tracers; however, the level of sucralose decreased significantly during infiltration and it is thus suboptimal as a sewage water tracer. Large differences between the two infiltration sites were observed in detection frequencies and concentrations in groundwater, which could be attributed to the system design and the contaminant's migration time from release to sampling point. Seasonal variation was observed for selected chemicals, and the more hydrophobic chemicals showed a higher tendency for attenuation, indicating sorption as a major retention mechanism. A moderate environmental risk to aquatic organisms was estimated in adjacent surface water for galaxolide, tris(1‑chloro‑2‑propyl) phosphate, and tris(2‑butoxyethyl) phosphate. Due to this site-dependency and potential environmental risks, further studies are needed on infiltration systems in different settings and on alternative treatment techniques to reduce the contaminant discharge from on-site sewage treatment facilities.
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| 7. |
- Gros Calvo, Meritxell, et al.
(författare)
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Screening and prioritization of micropollutants in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 328, s. 37-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comprehensive screening of micropollutants was performed in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) and urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. A suspect screening approach, using high resolution mass spectrometry, was developed and used in combination with target analysis. With this strategy, a total number of 79 micropollutants were successfully identified, which belong to the groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides, phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results from this screening indicate that concentrations of micropollutants are similar in influents and effluents of OSSFs and WWTPs, respectively. Removal efficiencies of micropollutants were assessed in the OSSFs and compared with those observed in WWTPs. In general, removal of PFASs and PFRs was higher in package treatment OSSFs, which are based on biological treatments, while removal of PPCPs was more efficient in soil bed OSSFs. A novel comprehensive prioritization strategy was then developed to identify OSSF specific chemicals of environmental relevance. The strategy was based on the compound concentrations in the wastewater, removal efficiency, frequency of detection in OSSFs and on in silico based data for toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation potential.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Wiberg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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The fate of chiral organochlorine compounds and selected metabolites in intraperitoneally exposed arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus).
- 2006
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 25:6, s. 1465-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fate of chiral organochlorine compounds (OCs) and selected metabolites in exposed Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) was investigated. The contaminants alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH), cis-chlordane, 13C4-heptachlor, o,p'-DDT, and the atropisomeric chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) 95, 132, 136, 149, and 174 were solved in peanut oil and injected into the peritoneal cavity. The exposed fish were sampled three times during a five-week period, and the OC residues and detected metabolites (heptachlorexo-epoxide) were quantified in muscle and liver tissues by chiral and achiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. Peak concentrations were reached after one to two weeks, and thereafter, the levels declined. At the end of the experiment, liver concentrations had decreased 76 to 92% relative to peak concentrations, whereas muscle concentrations showed a moderate decline (5-38%), with the exception of alpha-HCH (91%). Hydrophobicity and steric hindrance were shown to influence the assimilation process, and a significant linear relationship between the product of the steric hindrance coefficients and the inverse of the octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) versus peak concentration was found for the CBs (r2 = 0.86, p = 0.02). The assimilation of the contaminants into muscle and liver tissues generally resulted in racemic mixtures, whereas elimination was enantioselective for alpha-HCH, cis-chlordane, o,p'-DDT, CB-132, and CB-136. The chiral heptachlor metabolite 13C4-heptachlor-exo-epoxide was formed in the fish. The enantiomeric composition of the formed metabolite indicated racemic formation, whereas the elimination process appeared to be enantioselective.
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| 10. |
- Zhang, Wen, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of five filter media in column experiment on the removal of selected organic micropollutants and phosphorus from household wastewater
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 246, s. 920-928
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bench-scale column experiment was performed to study the removal of 31 selected organic micropollutants (MPs) and phosphorus by lignite, xyloid lignite (Xylit), granular activated carbon (GAC), Polonite (R) and sand over a period of 12 weeks. In total 29 out of the 31 MPs showed removal efficiency > 90% by GAC with an average removal of 97 +/- 6%. Xylit and lignite were less efficient with an average removal of 80 +/- 28% and 68 +/- 29%, respectively. The removal efficiency was found to be impacted by the characterization of the sorbents and physicochemical properties of the compounds, as well as the interaction between the sorbents and compounds. For instance, Xylit and lignite performed well for relatively hydrophobic (log octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow) >= 3) MPs, while the removal efficiency of moderately hydrophilic, highly hydrophilic and negatively charged MPs were lower. The organic sorbents were found to have more functional groups at their surfaces, which might explain the higher adsorption of MPs to these sorbents. The removal of several MPs improved after four weeks in sand, Xylit, GAC and lignite which may be related to increased biological activity and biofilm development. GAC and sand had limited ability to remove phosphorus (12 +/- 27% and 14 +/- 2%, respectively), while the calcium-silicate material Polonite (R) precipitated phosphorus efficiently and increased the total phosphorus removal from 12% to 96% after the GAC filter.
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