| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons learned from setting up a demonstration site with autonomous shuttle operation – based on experience from three cities in Europe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interest in operating autonomous vehicles is growing and several demonstration sites using automated shuttles have been established all over the world. Major work is involved in setting up an automated shuttle operation that involves more than identifying the relevant site, including adhering to current regulations and obtaining approval, as well as a considerable amount of preparation and commissioning required at the site. The shuttle must pass relevant national vehicle regulations, and the operation site has to undergo a site assessment. This paper is based on lessons learned achieved from setting up automated shuttle operations in three different areas in Europe: Brussel (Belgium), Linköping (Sweden) and Turin (Italy). The focus is on the practical aspects of operation. Through the experience we have gained of setting up demonstration sites at three locations in Europe, we have identified the need to summarise the lessons learned from preparing AV shuttle operation sites in order to facilitate the implementation of other operation sites. Hence, this paper aims to consolidate lessons learned during preparation and implementation of automated shuttle operations in near urban environments and to identify the path toward future implementation The three sites operate different brands and number of shuttles, different types of infrastructure and varying local conditions. The focus here was on generic lessons learned and not to understand differences between brands and operators. It is clear that further development of the AV shuttles is vital to ensure that they operate smoothly in complex traffic situations considering lane and road width, shared spaces, snow, dust, rain, leaves, birds, etc. Adapting the road infrastructure to enable the shuttles to run in the autonomous mode should be avoided, instead the shuttle development should prioritise fitting into the existing traffic environment and eco system. Mitigation areas have been identified covering: road infrastructure, weather dependant operation, season dependent operation, improvement of localisation, digital infrastructure, design and working conditions, and citizens’ user experience.
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| 2. |
- Mirnig, Alexander G., et al.
(författare)
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External communication of automated shuttles: Results, experiences, and lessons learned from three European long-term research projects
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers Robotics AI. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-9144. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated shuttles are already seeing deployment in many places across the world and have the potential to transform public mobility to be safer and more accessible. During the current transition phase from fully manual vehicles toward higher degrees of automation and resulting mixed traffic, there is a heightened need for additional communication or external indicators to comprehend automated vehicle actions for other road users. In this work, we present and discuss the results from seven studies (three preparatory and four main studies) conducted in three European countries aimed at investigating and providing a variety of such external communication solutions to facilitate the exchange of information between automated shuttles and other motorized and non-motorized road users.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers' perspectives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers' incentives of seat belt usage. Methods used are observational studies (10 cities, with 328 bus observations), focus group discussion (7 groups with a total of 32 participants) and a web survey (n = 1737 respondents). The results show that the seat belt use among bus passengers can be improved especially in regional and commercial bus traffic. It is more common to buckle up on long trips than on short trips. However, even though observations show high usage during long trips, travellers report that they remove the seat belt after a while if they want to sleep or for comfort reasons. For the bus drivers it is not possible to control passengers' usage. Dirty seat belts and technical malfunction might deter some passengers from using them and therefore systematic cleaning and control of seats and belts are recommended. On short trips one reason for not using the belt is related to worries about getting stuck and not being ready to get off in time. In general, it is most important to increase the usage on high-speed roads (>60 km/ h), in lower speed it might be more important to provide a seat for each passenger. Based on the results a list of recommendations is presented.
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| 4. |
- Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, et al.
(författare)
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D6.1: Evaluation framework, plans and material. Deliverable of the Horizon-2020 PANACEA project, Grant Agreement No. 953426
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable presents the evaluation framework, plans and material for all data collections of the PANACEA project. It describes the objectives of the studies and how they will be realised. The purpose of the PANACEA evaluation framework is to create a common framework to be used in all studies to make sure the data are collected in a way that makes it possible to consolidate the results at the end and to provide what is needed for impact analysis (WP7). This version of the deliverable has its focus on setting the framework and the work process. An update of this deliverable will be done in M22 (D6.2: ‘Evaluation framework, plans and material - an update’). The key content of D6.1 is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction to the deliverable, specifying its purpose, the intended audience, and interrelations with other project activities. Chapter 2 introduces the project objectives related to the WP6 data collections. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of each Use Case and Chapter 4 presents the various studies within the project including descriptions of the main actors, environment, vehicles, PANACEA sensors/technologies, and countermeasures. Chapter 5 describes the process of developing the evaluation framework for the project and presents the PANACEA evaluation framework. Chapters 6-18 then follow the steps defined in the evaluation framework. Chapters 6-11 describe the planning phase and present the Use Case Scenarios, Research Questions, Key Performance Indicators, study designs, data gathering tools, and data analysis plan. Chapters 12-14 describe the implementation phase, including pilot site preparations, data collection, and data delivery. Chapters 15-18 describe the data analysis phase and includes chapters about data analysis, results reporting, results consolidation, and impact assessment. Lastly, Chapter 19 provides the conclusions of the deliverable. The deliverable presents both a horizontal perspective of the pilot sites as well as more detailed descriptions of what will be included in the different studies. The general data gathering tools (objective and subjective) are identified and will be further refined in the update of the deliverable. A set of guidelines on practicalities and ethical aspects to take into consideration before and during data collection are presented. The update of the deliverable, planned for M22, will include the detailed evaluation protocols, with ready-made templates for pilot sites, questionnaires to use, performance criteria, indicators, log files to use, crucial timelines, etc. In addition, the final pilot and experimental plans will be defined and described per pilot site and type of evaluation activity.
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| 5. |
- Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, et al.
(författare)
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D6.2: Evaluation framework, plans and material - an update. Deliverable of the Horizon-2020 PANACEA project, Grant Agreement No. 953426
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable presents the evaluation framework, plans and material for all data collections connected to work package 6 (WP6) of the PANACEA project. It describes the objectives of the studies and how they will be realised. The purpose of the PANACEA evaluation framework is to create a common framework to be used in all studies to make sure the data are collected in a way that makes it possible to consolidate the results at the end and to provide what is needed for impact analysis (WP7). The first version of the deliverable (D6.1: ‘Evaluation framework, plans and material´) had its focus on setting the framework and the work process. In this updated version, the focus is on the evaluation protocols for all studies, including templates for the pilot sites, questionnaires to use, key performance indicators (KPI), log files to use, crucial timelines, etc. The experimental plans are described per pilot site and type of evaluation activity. The key content of D6.2 is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction to the deliverable, specifying its purpose, the intended audience, and interrelations with other project activities. Chapter 2 introduces the project objectives related to the WP6 data collections. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of each Use Case and Chapter 4 presents the various studies within the project including descriptions of the main actors, environment, vehicles, PANACEA sensors/technologies, and countermeasures. Chapter 5 describes the PANACEA evaluation framework. Chapters 6-15 then describe the steps defined in the evaluation framework. Chapters 6-11 include the planning phase and present the Use Case Scenarios, Research Questions, Key Performance Indicators, study designs, data gathering tools, and data analysis plan. Chapters 12-13 describe the implementation phase, including pilot site preparations, and data collection. Chapters 13-15 describe the data analysis phase and includes chapters about data delivery, data analysis, results reporting, results consolidation, and impact assessment. Lastly, Chapter 16 provides the conclusions of the deliverable. The deliverable presents both a horizontal perspective of the pilot sites as well as more detailed descriptions of what will be included in the different studies. The main text of the deliverable provides an overview of all studies and evaluations within PANACEA. Research questions and KPIs are defined for each study (Appendix III). The general data gathering tools (objective and subjective) are identified. The questionnaires used for the evaluations are included in Appendix IV. A set of guidelines on practicalities and ethical aspects to take into consideration before and during data collection are presented. Experimental plans for all WP6 data collections are included as appendices to the deliverable (Appendix II).
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| 6. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and Enforcement
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation: Waking Up to the Challenge. - 9781000904079 ; , s. 41-52
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 7. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Rumble Strips, Continuous Shoulder, and Centerline
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - Oxford : Elsevier. ; , s. 549-553
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rumble strips in the center of two-lane rural roads and on the shoulder of motorways are a countermeasure aimed to help drivers who unintentionally are about to leave the lane, for example, due to fatigue or inattention. Rumble strips are widely used. They are installed in the raised profile or as in-ground (milled or pressed). The design varies in width, depth, length, and design. The most effective are the in-ground ones. Evaluations show an effect of 10% reduction of all injury crashes and 37% reduction on target crashes (head-on, single crashes to the left, etc.). Rumble strips contribute to speed reduction of 2–5 km/h and an increased distance to them with 10–15 cm, something that is good for vehicle-to-vehicle interactions, but less good for pedestrians and cyclist using the shoulder. To summarize, rumble strips save lives to a rather small cost in relation to other infrastructure-based countermeasures.
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| 8. |
- Grandsart, Delphine, et al.
(författare)
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Citizen and Stakeholder Engagement in the Development and Deployment of Automated Mobility Services : as Exemplified in the SHOW Project
- 2023
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Ingår i: Smart Energy for Smart Transport. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 468-481
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The H2020-funded SHOW project (SHared automation Operating models for Worldwide adoption) supports the deployment of connected, cooperative and automated mobility (CCAM) through real-life pilot demonstrations taking place in 20 cities across Europe. While CCAM has the potential to bring great benefits to citizens and society, user acceptance is a crucial challenge to address. In this paper, we explore the importance of citizen and stakeholder engagement in the development of new mobility services, and how such aspects have been integrated and applied in SHOW. User acceptance surveys are being conducted at different stages in the project. In addition, dedicated citizen and stakeholder engagement activities are organized, including Ideathons and Hackathons. By engaging both citizens as potential end-users and stakeholders in the development process, we aim to ensure that SHOW services meet their needs and requirements and to increase the positive impacts on society.
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| 9. |
- Miller, Karl A., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring sleepiness and stress among London bus drivers : An on-road observational study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 207:November
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bus driver sleepiness is commonplace but often goes unreported within the industry. Whilst past research has begun to shed a light on the prevalence, potential causes, and consequences of bus driver sleepiness, this is often done using self-report methods. This is the first study to investigate sleepiness amongst city bus drivers on-road using a live bus route with drivers’ regular schedules. A total of 16 participants completed two drives of their regular bus route once during an early morning shift and once during a daytime shift whilst physiological and self-report measures of sleep and stress were taken. Prior to these drives, drivers recorded their sleep in a diary and wore an actigraph to obtain objective sleep measures. Results showed that most drivers did not obtain sufficient sleep prior to early morning shifts, and often did not obtain as much sleep as they would need in order to feel rested before work. Sleepiness and stress were observed in both shifts. During early morning shifts sleepiness was likely a result of working during circadian lows and not obtaining enough sleep prior to the shift. In contrast, sleepiness during the daytime shift was likely a result of completing a highly demanding task in complex traffic which not only contributed to fatigue, but also led to increased levels of stress. As well as demonstrating the prevalence of sleepiness amongst bus drivers, these findings show that the causes of sleepiness can be multifaceted and often come about due to a combination of work and personal factors. In addition, the experience of sleepiness is not the same for all drivers, with individual differences in the experience of sleepiness playing a large role. These differences highlight the need for individualised interventions which should be considered by policymakers alongside the combination of causal factors within a larger systems approach.
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| 10. |
- Niska, Anna, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Cykling bland barn och unga : en kunskapssammanställning
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cyklandet bland barn och unga har minskat, vilket får negativa effekter på hälsa och barns självständiga mobilitet. VTI har i detta regeringsuppdrag sammanställt kunskap om tänkbara orsaker till detta, baserat på litteraturstudier och kontakter med relevanta aktörer samt analyser av resvanedata och olycksstatisk. Statistiken visar att det är andelen personer som cyklar som minskat medan den cyklade sträckan inte förändrats. Framförallt har barns och ungas fritidscyklande minskat, vilket kan förklaras av ökade avstånd till fritidsaktiviteter, föräldrars heltidsarbete och att barns vardag idag är mer institutionaliserat. Även cyklandet till skolan har minskat, bland annat då det fria skolvalet lett till ökade avstånd. Andra orsaker är fler bilar i hushållen, förändringar i hur barn leker och kommunicerar, bristande faktisk och upplevd säkerhet och trygghet i kombination med föräldrars förställningar om barns trafikförmåga. Cykelresorna har delvis ersatts av bilresor men framförallt av ett ökat gående och resande med kollektivtrafik. Cyklingen har minskar mest bland de äldre barnen. Då de främst ersatt sitt resande med kollektivtrafik, kan en förklaring vara att fler erbjuds gratis busskort. Det finns ett stort engagemang och kompetens kring barns och ungas cykling bland olika aktörer, men behovet är stort av ökad samordning och att de initiativ och åtgärder som vidtas utvärderas systematiskt.
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