| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and enforcement
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers’ perspectives
- 2022
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Ingår i: Road Safety on Five Continents – RS5C. Proceedings. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 94-95
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Travelling by bus is one of the safest modes of transport. However, crashes still happen and studies have found that the most severe crashes are related to rollovers, mainly on rural roads. The most severe injuries occur when unbuckled passengers are thrown out through the windows or get stuck under the bus. In Sweden the use of a seat belt and information about seat belt use when traveling by bus is regulated in Traffic Ordinance (1998: 1276) Chapter 4 §10a. In short, all bus passengers three years or older should be seated in a place with a seat belt, if there is such a place, and should use the belt. If there is no seat belt available, it is allowed to stand in the bus (if the bus is approved for standing places). The legal responsibility to inform and make sure passengers under 15 use the belt are on the bus driver. Despite existing regulations there is no clear view on the usage rate of seat belt in buses, or on the travellers’ view of their own usage and the reasons to not buckle up. This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers’ incentives of seatbelt usage.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers' perspectives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers' incentives of seat belt usage. Methods used are observational studies (10 cities, with 328 bus observations), focus group discussion (7 groups with a total of 32 participants) and a web survey (n = 1737 respondents). The results show that the seat belt use among bus passengers can be improved especially in regional and commercial bus traffic. It is more common to buckle up on long trips than on short trips. However, even though observations show high usage during long trips, travellers report that they remove the seat belt after a while if they want to sleep or for comfort reasons. For the bus drivers it is not possible to control passengers' usage. Dirty seat belts and technical malfunction might deter some passengers from using them and therefore systematic cleaning and control of seats and belts are recommended. On short trips one reason for not using the belt is related to worries about getting stuck and not being ready to get off in time. In general, it is most important to increase the usage on high-speed roads (>60 km/ h), in lower speed it might be more important to provide a seat for each passenger. Based on the results a list of recommendations is presented.
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| 4. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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In-vehicle fragrance administration as a countermeasure for driver fatigue
- 2022
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Ingår i: Road Safety on Five Continents – RS5C. Proceedings. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 70-71
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driver fatigue is a contributing factor in about 20% of all crashes. Prevention of fatigue related crashes is a major goal for the automotive industry. To reach this goal, both robust detection and effective countermeasures are required. The most effective countermeasure for sleepiness is sleep. Studies also show an increased alertness using caffein intake. Despite this, the most common countermeasure used is to stop to take a walk, turn on the radio/stereo or open a window. Countermeasures for fatigue may be a larger challenge than detection, since the most effective countermeasure, such as taking a nap, are highly intrusive in the sense that you need to make an unplanned stop (or shift drivers if there is more than one person in the car). Finding less intrusive, yet effective, countermeasures that could be deployed without requiring major replanning would thus provide a significant benefit to car makers who wish to deploy this type of technology in their vehicles.In the current study, the possibility of exposing drivers to odors when they are about to fall asleep has been explored. Previous research has found that specific fragrances can have alerting effects and that certain substances that act on trigeminal nerves can wake people from both light and deeper sleep. Therefore, the aim was to investigate if administration of a fragrance incorporating trigeminal components during fatigued driving can have a significant alerting effect.
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| 5. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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In-vehicle fragrance administration as a countermeasure for driver fatigue
- 2024
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver fatigue is a contributing factor in about 10–30% of all fatal crashes. Prevention of fatigue-related crashes relies on robust detection of driver fatigue and application of effective countermeasures. A potential countermeasure is fragrance administration since odors can have alerting effects on humans. The aim here was to investigate if a fragrance incorporating trigeminal components could be used as an in-vehicle countermeasure for driver fatigue.The fragrance was tested in a driving simulator with 21 healthy but sleep-deprived participants. Each participant performed a monotonous driving task twice, once with active fragrance containing a trigeminal component and once with olfactory fragrance, in a cross-over single-blind design. The order of trigeminal/olfactory fragrance was randomized and blinded to the participants. Both fragrances (trigeminal/olfactory) were administered either when the participant fell asleep (defined as eye closure > 3 s) or after approximately 45 min if the participant did not fall asleep.Self-reported sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) every 5 min during driving. Variability in speed and lateral position and line crossing frequency were logged for each drive to measure driving performance. Heart rate measurements (ECG) and eye blinks (EOG) were collected to investigate potential arousing effects of the fragrance and to track objective signs of sleepiness.
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| 6. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among public transport workers in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport & Health. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1413. ; 27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Public transportation is an essential societal function in crisis situations like the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Bus drivers and other public transport workers are essential workers that need to keep working despite the risk of contagion. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may pose an occupational health risk to public transport workers and especially to bus drivers as they interact with passengers in a confined area. By analyzing antibodies towards SARS-CoV-2 proteins in blood samples it is possible to measure if an individual has been infected by COVID-19. Here, we report the prevalence of antibodies among bus drivers and other public transport employees in Stockholm, Sweden and relate it to socio-demographic factors.Methods: Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies towards SARS-CoV-2 proteins was investigated in a sample of 262 non-vaccinated public transport workers (182 men and 40 women) recruited between April 26 and May 7, 2021. Most of the participants were bus drivers (n = 222). The relationship between socio-demographic factors and seroprevalence was investigated with logistic regression.Results: The seroprevalence was 50% in the total sample of public transport workers. Among bus drivers, 51% were seropositive compared to 44% seropositive among the other public transport workers. The difference was not significant. The seroprevalence was higher than the national seroprevalence in Sweden during the same period (18.3% in non-vaccinated people aged 20–64 years). The logistic regression model using Wald forward selection showed that men had a higher risk of being seropositive (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 – 5.8) and there was a higher risk with increasing number of people in the household (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 – 1.6).Conclusions: These findings could imply an occupational risk for COVID-19 infection among public transport workers. Infection control measures are warranted during virus epidemics to assure bus drives’ safety and reduce transmission in public transport.
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| 7. |
- Vadeby, Anna, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness and acceptability of milled rumble strips on rural two-lane roads in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The study sought to estimate the effects of centreline milled rumble strips on rural two-lane roads in Sweden in a wide perspective. Traffic safety effects (i.e., fewer crashes and injuries), driver experience, and driver opinions of centreline milled rumble strip usage on rural roads are investigated.Methods: To evaluate the traffic safety effects, an Empirical Bayes study comparing the outcome before and-after the introduction of rumble strips was conducted. This study is based on data from 2003–2012 from the Swedish national traffic accident database, STRADA. To capture driver experience and opinions about milled centreline rumble strips, focus groups and road-side interviews were performed.Results: The results indicate a significant decrease in all types of severe injury crashes, a 20% (±13%) reduction in the number of fatalities and seriously injured people (all crash types) and a 27% (±18%) reduction in the number of fatalities and severely injured people in single-vehicle crashes. Participants in focus groups and road-side interviews generally favoured centreline rumble strips on rural roads, and up to 90% of the interviewed motorcyclists and commuters stated that the rumble strips would help improve traffic safety.Conclusions: Rumble strips in the centre of two-lane rural roads are a countermeasure to help drivers who are unintentionally about to leave the lane, for example, due to sleepiness or inattention. Based on the results of this study, installing centreline milled rumble strips on two-lane rural roads 8–10 meters wide is a measure to consider to increase safety.
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| 8. |
- Vadeby, Anna, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Hastigheter på kommunala gator i tätort : resultat från mätningar 2014
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande studie är att följa upp förändringar av trafikanternas hastighetsval och hastighetsefterlevnad på det kommunala huvudvägnätet i tätort. År 2012 var startår för mätserien och under 2014 genomfördes den andra uppföljande mätningen. Enbart det kommunala huvudvägnätet med hastighetsgränser mellan 40 km/tim och 70 km/tim studerades. Mätningarna genomfördes under september månad i 23 olika orter. Resultaten visar att för alla fordon år 2014 var den genomsnittliga reshastigheten på det studerade vägnätet 49 km/tim. Vad gäller andelen överträdelser var det totalt sett 37 procent av den studerade trafiken som körde över gällande hastighetsgräns år 2014, det vill säga 63 procent höll hastighetsgränsen. Hastighetsefterlevnaden var sämst på gator med hastighetsbegränsning 40 km/tim där 54 procent av trafiken höll hastighetsgränsen. På gator med 50 km/tim var det 61 procent, på 60 km/tim var det 68 procent och på 70 km/tim var det 77 procent som höll hastighetsgränsen. Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att de genomsnittliga reshastigheterna i tätort ligger under gällande hastighetsgräns, men bristande hastighetsefterlevnad är fortfarande ett problem. För att nå målet att 80 procent av trafiken ska följa gällande hastighetsgräns år 2020 är det framför allt hastighetsefterlevnaden på gator med lägre hastighetsbegränsning som behöver förbättras.
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| 9. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the road environment on the development of driver sleepiness in young male drivers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 112, s. 127-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latent driver sleepiness may in some cases be masked by for example social interaction, stress and physical activity. This short-term modulation of sleepiness may also result from environmental factors, such as when driving in stimulating environments. The aim of this study is to compare two road environments and investigate how they affect driver sleepiness. Thirty young male drivers participated in a driving simulator experiment where they drove two scenarios: a rural environment with winding roads and low traffic density, and a suburban road with higher traffic density and a more built-up roadside environment. The driving task was essentially the same in both scenarios, i.e. to stay on the road, without much interaction with other road users. A 2 x 2 design, with the conditions rural versus suburban, and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived), was used. The results show that there were only minor effects of the road environment on subjective and physiological indicators of sleepiness. In contrast, there was an increase in subjective sleepiness, longer blink durations and increased EEG alpha content, both due to time on task and to night-time driving. The two road environments differed both in terms of the demand on driver action and of visual load, and the results indicate that action demand is the more important of the two factors. The notion that driver fatigue should be countered in a more stimulating visual environment such as in the city is thus more likely due to increased task demand rather than to a richer visual scenery. This should be investigated in further studies.
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| 10. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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An on-road study of sleepiness in split shifts among city bus drivers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 114, s. 71-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bus drivers often work irregular hours or split shifts and their work involves high levels of stress. These factors can lead to severe sleepiness and dangerous driving. This study examined how split shift working affects sleepiness and performance during afternoon driving. An experiment was conducted on a real road with a specially equipped regular bus driven by professional bus drivers.The study had a within-subject design and involved 18 professional bus drivers (9 males and 9 females) who drove on two afternoons; one on a day in which they had driven early in the morning (split shift situation) and one on a day when they had been off duty until the test (afternoon shift situation). The hypothesis tested was that split shifts contribute to sleepiness during afternoon, which can increase the safety risks. The overall results supported this hypothesis. In total, five of the 18 drivers reached levels of severe sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ≥8) with an average increase in KSS of 1.94 when driving in the afternoon after working a morning shift compared with being off duty in the morning. This increase corresponded to differences observed between shift workers starting and ending a night shift. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task showed significantly increased response time with split shift working (afternoon: 0.337. s; split shift 0.347. s), as did the EEG-based Karolinska Drowsiness Score mean/max. Blink duration also increased, although the difference was not significant. One driver fell asleep during the drive. In addition, 12 of the 18 bus drivers reported that in their daily work they have to fight to stay awake while driving at least 2-4 times per month. While there were strong individual differences, the study clearly showed that shift-working bus drivers struggle to stay awake and thus countermeasures are needed in order to guarantee safe driving with split shift schedules.
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