| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and enforcement
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and Enforcement
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation: Waking Up to the Challenge. - 9781000904079 ; , s. 41-52
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Rumble Strips, Continuous Shoulder, and Centerline
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - Oxford : Elsevier. ; , s. 549-553
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rumble strips in the center of two-lane rural roads and on the shoulder of motorways are a countermeasure aimed to help drivers who unintentionally are about to leave the lane, for example, due to fatigue or inattention. Rumble strips are widely used. They are installed in the raised profile or as in-ground (milled or pressed). The design varies in width, depth, length, and design. The most effective are the in-ground ones. Evaluations show an effect of 10% reduction of all injury crashes and 37% reduction on target crashes (head-on, single crashes to the left, etc.). Rumble strips contribute to speed reduction of 2–5 km/h and an increased distance to them with 10–15 cm, something that is good for vehicle-to-vehicle interactions, but less good for pedestrians and cyclist using the shoulder. To summarize, rumble strips save lives to a rather small cost in relation to other infrastructure-based countermeasures.
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| 4. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Driving automation and its effects on drivers : a human factor perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems. - : IET Digital Library. - 9781839530135 ; , s. 87-103
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter will cover some of the issues mentioned by European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC) and has its starting point in the knowledge and experience from four different EU-funded projects dealing with automation and human factors. It might be expected that there is no difference in how human factors should be considered in relation to automation depending on the country it is used in. However, there are reasons to believe that there are differences in understanding and in acceptance of new functions depending on experience or not from modern vehicles with, for example integrated driver support systems. This chapter has its starting point mainly from work done in Europe, which may be considered to be generic and valid for other countries in the world with the same type of car fleets. The focus will be on challenges covering: the need to have an adaptive Human-Machine Interface (HMI) to achieve trust and acceptance in relation to automated functionalities and system, the importance of considering different driver states and finally the evaluations of automated systems.
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| 5. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Watch Out! Something Precious is Moving
- 2011. - 1
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Ingår i: Infrastructure and Safety in a Collaborative World. - Berlin Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642183713 - 9783642183720 ; , s. 233-242
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One critical situation when a driver needs to have a high degree of awareness, to avoid critical situations or crashes, is when passing a school bus, stopped for boarding or de-boarding of children. With the help of an experiment in VTI’s moving base driving simulator, a scenario, using in-vehicle information before the bus was reached, was tested. The aim was to enhance drivers’ perception, in order to reduce the speed of vehicles passing by the stopped bus. Both alert and sleep deprived drivers were tested.The results showed a significant speed reduction thanks to the information given beforehand. Sleep deprivation did not seem to have an impact on speed reduction. This suggests that the warning signals are seen and followed, regardless the drivers’ state of alertness. Thus, it seems likely that this type of information may be useful as an Intelligent Transport System (ITS), to provide driver support about upcoming hazards. One step towards further research in this direction is performed within the EU project SAFEWAY2SCHOOL, the main objectives of which are presented at the end of this chapter.
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| 6. |
- Filtness, Ashleigh J., et al.
(författare)
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A practical human factors method for developing successful fatigue countermeasures
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to manage driver fatigue in transportation it is important to understand the underlying reasons behind fatigue and to recognise that most often fatigue is caused by multiple factors. When designing countermeasures, it is vital that the proposed approach is targeted at the specific problem (cause of fatigue). The most effective approach to fatigue management will include a mix of countermeasures to be deployed in the short, medium, and long term. For any approach to fatigue management to be effective there is a need for shared responsibility. A wide range of involved parties will be influential, including drivers and their families, managers, companies, regulators, unions, and enforcement agencies. This chapter includes a four-step method to evaluate a company’s fatigue situation, understand problem areas, and propose countermeasures that are targeted to be most likely to succeed. This is achieved through the following: (1) understanding the current situation through data collection, (2) synthesising findings into key insights, (3) mapping potential solutions onto identified problems, and (4) implementing countermeasures and review. An open organisational culture is essential for successful fatigue management. A step-by-step approach is likely to be most beneficial, with smaller, easier-to-accept changes being introduced and accepted first before moving up to more sophisticated solutions over time.
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| 7. |
- Sandberg, David, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of sleepiness on lane positioning in truck driving
- 2013. - 1
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Ingår i: Driver Distraction and Inattention. - Farnham : Ashgate. - 9781409425854 - 9781315578156 ; 1, s. 405-416
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter concerns the detection of sleepiness in truck drivers. Data obtained from a driver sleepiness study involving real-world driving are used in order to analyse the performance of several sleepiness indicators based on driving behavior; such as, for example, variability in lateral position and heading angle. Contrary to the results obtained for passenger cars, for heavy trucks it is found that indicators based on variability provide little or no information; their performance does not rise significantly above chance levels.However, the data indicate that there is a significant difference in the average lane position for sleepy and alert drivers, respectively, such that a sleepy driver generally places the vehicle closer (by about 0.2 m) to the centre of the road than an alert driver. The analysis also shows a significant, monotonous, increase in average lateral position (measured from the right, outer, lane boundary towards the lane centre) between the four cases of (i) daytime alert driving, (ii) daytime sleepy driving, (iii) night-time alert driving and (iv) nighttime sleepy driving.
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| 8. |
- Tapani, Andreas, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Driver Behaviour Using Simulated Worlds
- 2011. - 1
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Ingår i: Infrastructure and Safety in a Collaborative World. - Berlin Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642183713 - 9783642183720 ; , s. 125-142
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter presents the background, along with some illustrated examples, of simulator applications for the needs of assessing novel systems and infrastructure interventions, in terms of enhancing the forgiving and self-explanatory nature of a road. The first two, “Active traffic management” and “Non-physical motorway segregation” are designed to ease congestion but also have implications for safety, the first leading towards a self-explanatory road environment (SER), whereas the second contributing towards a more forgiving road environment (FRE). The second two “Actively illuminated road studs” and “Psychological traffic calming” are FRE types of interventions, designed for rural roads specifically to improve safety, but these may also have unanticipated consequences. For example, delineation of a road at night by actively illuminated road studs offers the driver much greater visibility of the road ahead, but this could be exploited by drivers choosing to drive at higher speeds. Finally, the pilot testing of milled vs. “virtual” rumble strips as in-vehicle information is presented (another FRE measure), as tested within IN-SAFETY, following a testing methodology which brings together methods for collecting data on individual driver behaviour and traffic simulation, building upon the traffic safety related adaptations of microsimulation models.
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