| 1. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(författare)
-
Cognitive Symptoms Facilitatory for Diagnoses in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Executive Functions and Locus of Control
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Neurotoxicity Research. ; 14:2,3, s. 205-225
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognitive symptoms, considered in conjunction both with their regional brain and biomarkers as well as affective, attributional and neurodevelopmental components, demonstate everincreasing complexity to facilate conceptualization yet, unavoidably, bedevil diagnosis in neuropsychiatry even before considerations of the enigmatic processes in memory, such as executive function and working memory, are draw into the myriads of equations that await remedial interpretations. Prefrontal and limbic regions of the brain are involved in a diversity of expressions of cognition, normal or dysfunctional, at synaptic, intracellular and molecular levels that mobilize a concatenation of signaling entities. Serotoninergic neurotransission at prefrontal regions directs cogntive-affective entities that mediate decision-making and goal-directed behaviour. Clinical, non-clinical and basic studies challenge attempts to consolidate the multitude of evidence in order to obtain therapeutic notions to alleviate the disordered status of the diagnosed and yet-to-be diagnosed individuals. Locus of control, a concept of some utility in health-seeking procedures, is examined in three self-report studies from the perspective of a cognitive- emotional situation through observations of ordinary, 'healthy' young and middle-aged individuals, to assess the predictors of internal and external locus of control. A notion based on high level executive functioning in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in individuals characterised by internal locus of control is contrasted with a hypofunctional executive DLPFC, characterising individuals that express an external locus of control, is discussed.
|
|
| 2. |
- Palamo, T, et al.
(författare)
-
Schizopsychotic Symptom-profiles and Biomarkers:Beacons in Diagnostic Labyrinths
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Neurotoxicity Research. ; 14:2-3, s. 79-96
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several avenues of investigation through which the 'labyrinths' of schizopsychotic diagnosis may be examined, are offered by the consideration of the 'beacons' of symptom-profiles and biomarkers. Neurodevelopmental issues and risk assessment, neurocognitive factors of predictive necessity, supersensitivity in neurotransmitter systems, the implications of prodromal expressions of the disorder, functional dysconnectivity arising from prefrontal to diverse regional patterns and circuits with a neurodevelopmental origin, and heritable gene characteristics are viewed against the backdrop of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The associations between adolescent- adult use of cannabis, on the one hand, and, alternatively, the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, e.g., GRIK4 and NPAS3, and mental retardation, on the other hand, with the symptom-profiles of schizopsychosis provide further evidence of emerging biomarkers of biological inheritance factors. The involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, particularly in prefrontal region, with regard to functional integrity of cognitive systems is reviewed. It would appear that considerations of these disorders imply that one essential hub around which much of the neuropathology revolves may be observed in the various expressions of the cognitive and structural insufficiency.
|
|
| 3. |
- Palomo, T, et al.
(författare)
-
Affective Status in Relation to Impulsive, Motor and Motivational Symptoms: Personality, Development and Physical Exercise
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Neurotoxicity Research. ; 14:2,3, s. 151-168
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The contributions of impulsive and risk-taking behaviour in depressive and bipolar disorders, motivational and motor behaviours in anhedonic and substance addictive states, and the factors, particularly distress and trauma, underlying the development of neuropathology in affective status are described from clinical, epidemiological and laboratory perspectives. In order to distinguish one case factor for biopsychological substrates of health, an array of self-reported characteristics, e.g., positive or negative affect, stress or energy, optimism, etc., that may be predictive or counterpredictive for the propensity for physical exercise and activity were analysed using a linear regression in twelve different studies. Several individual characteristics were found to be markedly and significantly predictive of the exercise propensity, i.e., positive affect, energy, health-seeking behaviour and character, while optimism was of lesser, though significant, importance. Several individual characteristics were found to be significantly counterpredictive: expression of BDI- and HADdepression, major sleep problems and lack/negligence of health-seeking behaviour. The consequences of physical activity and exercise for both affective well-being, cognitive mobility and neurogenesis is noted, particularly with regard to developmental assets for younger individuals. Affective disorder states may be studied through analyses of personal characteristics that unfold predispositions for symptom-profiles and biomarkers derived from properties of dysfunction, such as impulsiveness, temperament dimensions, anhedonia and 'over-sensitivity', whether interpersonal or to reward.
|
|
| 4. |
- Palomo, T, et al.
(författare)
-
Focusing on Symptoms Rather than Diagnoses in Brain Dysfunction: Conscious and Nonconscious Expression in Impulsiveness and Decision-Making
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Neurotoxicity Research. ; 14:1, s. 1-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symptoms and syndromes in neuropathology, whether expressed in conscious or nonconscious behaviour, remain imbedded in often complex diagnostic categories. Symptom-based strategies for studying brain disease states are driven by assessments of presenting symptoms, signs, assay results, neuroimages and biomarkers. In the present account, symptom-based strategies are contrasted with existing diagnostic classifications. Topics include brain areas and regional circuitry underlying decision-making and impulsiveness, and motor and learned expressions of explicit and implicit processes. In three selfreport studies on young adult and adolescent healthy individuals, it was observed that linear regression analyses between positive and negative affect, self-esteem, four different types of situational motivation: intrinsic, identified regulation, extrinsic regulation and amotivation, and impulsiveness predicted significant associations between impulsiveness with negative affect and lack of motivation (i.e., amotivation) and internal locus of control, on the one hand, and nonimpulsiveness with positive affect, self-esteem, and high motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation and identified regulation), on the other. Although presymptomatic, these cognitive-affective characterizations illustrate individuals' choice behaviour in appraisals of situations, events and proclivities essentially of distal perspective. Neuropathological expressions provide the proximal realities of symptoms and syndromes with underlying dysfunctionality of brain regions, circuits and molecular mechanisms.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
