| 1. |
- Gode, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
-
Swedish long-term low carbon scenario - Exploratory study on opportunities and barriers
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2009, the Swedish government proposed a vision of reaching zero net emissions of greenhouse gases in the year 2050. However, there are few details on concrete actions after 2020. In the light of the long investment cycles associated with energy, housing, transport infrastructure and heavy industry, we believe that the society now needs to start identifying possible pathways for reaching this vision. The pathways also need to be investigated in terms of their feasibility and consequences. The aim of our study has been to develop and elaborate on one potential future energy scenario where Sweden minimises the use of fossil fuels in 2050 and to identify opportunities and barriers. The scenario we present is one of several possible scenarios and is obviously not a forecast. Our purpose is not to show a likely development, but rather to illustrate, by example, a society that is largely independent of fossil fuels and what would be required to get there. In a next step, more detailed scenarios as well as accurate impact assessments are needed. For example, the impact of high bioenergy utilisation needs to be carefully examined. The results also show several cross-sectoral measures and/or effects that need further study. There is also a need for thorough cost analyses as well as analyses of what is required to implement these measures in practice. We have analysed potential fossil fuel reductions in the sectors industry, residential/service, transports and energy conversion. For these sectors, systematic investigations have been made on measures for replacing fossil fuels, improving energy efficiency and applying new technologies and industrial processes. Our scenario is to a great extent based on existing technologies. In addition to sector specific measures, we have applied cross-sectoral measures such as using industrial surplus heat in the residential sector or forest residues for producing heat and power. Furthermore, we have assumed a system change in transportation and limited use of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The applied measures influence the demand for electricity, heat/steam and fuels. The results indicate a very high demand for biofuels in the future.
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| 2. |
- Alvfors, Per, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
-
Research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors – three illustrative examples : Improvement potential discussed in the context of Well-to-Tank analyses
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Currently biofuels have strong political support, both in the EU and Sweden. The EU has, for example, set a target for the use of renewable fuels in the transportation sector stating that all EU member states should use 10% renewable fuels for transport by 2020. Fulfilling this ambition will lead to an enormous market for biofuels during the coming decade. To avoid increasing production of biofuels based on agriculture crops that require considerable use of arable area, focus is now to move towards more advanced second generation (2G) biofuels that can be produced from biomass feedstocks associated with a more efficient land use. Climate benefits and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances are aspects often discussed in conjunction with sustainability and biofuels. The total GHG emissions associated with production and usage of biofuels depend on the entire fuel production chain, mainly the agriculture or forestry feedstock systems and the manufacturing process. To compare different biofuel production pathways it is essential to conduct an environmental assessment using the well-to-tank (WTT) analysis methodology. In Sweden the conditions for biomass production are favourable and we have promising second generation biofuels technologies that are currently in the demonstration phase. In this study we have chosen to focus on cellulose based ethanol, methane from gasification of solid wood as well as DME from gasification of black liquor, with the purpose of identifying research and development potentials that may result in improvements in the WTT emission values. The main objective of this study is thus to identify research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors based on literature studies as well as discussions with the the researchers themselves. We have also discussed improvement potentials for the agriculture and forestry part of the WTT chain. The aim of this study is to, in the context of WTT analyses, (i) increase knowledge about the complexity of biofuel production, (ii) identify and discuss improvement potentials, regarding energy efficiency and GHG emissions, for three biofuel production cases, as well as (iii) identify and discuss improvement potentials regarding biomass supply, including agriculture/forestry. The scope of the study is limited to discussing the technologies, system aspects and climate impacts associated with the production stage. Aspects such as the influence on biodiversity and other environmental and social parameters fall beyond the scope of this study. We find that improvement potentials for emissions reductions within the agriculture/forestry part of the WTT chain include changing the use of diesel to low-CO2-emitting fuels, changing to more fuel-efficient tractors, more efficient cultivation and manufacture of fertilizers (commercial nitrogen fertilizer can be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning) as well as improved fertilization strategies (more precise nitrogen application during the cropping season). Furthermore, the cultivation of annual feedstock crops could be avoided on land rich in carbon, such as peat soils and new agriculture systems could be introduced that lower the demand for ploughing and harrowing. Other options for improving the WTT emission values includes introducing new types of crops, such as wheat with higher content of starch or willow with a higher content of cellulose. From the case study on lignocellulosic ethanol we find that 2G ethanol, with co-production of biogas, electricity, heat and/or wood pellet, has a promising role to play in the development of sustainable biofuel production systems. Depending on available raw materials, heat sinks, demand for biogas as vehicle fuel and existing 1G ethanol plants suitable for integration, 2G ethanol production systems may be designed differently to optimize the economic conditions and maximize profitability. However, the complexity connected to the development of the most optimal production systems require improved knowledge and involvement of several actors from different competence areas, such as chemical and biochemical engineering, process design and integration and energy and environmental systems analysis, which may be a potential barrier.
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| 3. |
- Alvfors, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors – three illustrative examples
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Currently biofuels have strong political support, both in the EU and Sweden. The EU has, for example, set a target for the use of renewable fuels in the transportation sector stating that all EU member states should use 10% renewable fuels for transport by 2020. Fulfilling this ambition will lead to an enormous market for biofuels during the coming decade. To avoid increasing production of biofuels based on agriculture crops that require considerable use of arable area, focus is now to move towards more advanced second generation (2G) biofuels that can be produced from biomass feedstocks associated with a more efficient land use.Climate benefits and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances are aspects often discussed in conjunction with sustainability and biofuels. The total GHG emissions associated with production and usage of biofuels depend on the entire fuel production chain, mainly the agriculture or forestry feedstock systems and the manufacturing process. To compare different biofuel production pathways it is essential to conduct an environmental assessment using the well-to-tank (WTT) analysis methodology. In Sweden the conditions for biomass production are favourable and we have promising second generation biofuels technologies that are currently in the demonstration phase. In this study we have chosen to focus on cellulose based ethanol, methane from gasification of solid wood as well as DME from gasification of black liquor, with the purpose of identifying research and development potentials that may result in improvements in the WTT emission values. The main objective of this study is thus to identify research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors based on literature studies as well as discussions with the the researchers themselves. We have also discussed improvement potentials for the agriculture and forestry part of the WTT chain. The aim of this study is to, in the context of WTT analyses, (i) increase knowledge about the complexity of biofuel production, (ii) identify and discuss improvement potentials, regarding energy efficiency and GHG emissions, for three biofuel production cases, as well as (iii) identify and discuss improvement potentials regarding biomass supply, including agriculture/forestry. The scope of the study is limited to discussing the technologies, system aspects and climate impacts associated with the production stage. Aspects such as the influence on biodiversity and other environmental and social parameters fall beyond the scope of this study. We find that improvement potentials for emissions reductions within the agriculture/forestry part of the WTT chain include changing the use of diesel to low-CO2-emitting fuels, changing to more fuel-efficient tractors, more efficient cultivation and manufacture of fertilizers (commercial nitrogen fertilizer can be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning) as well as improved fertilization strategies (more precise nitrogen application during the cropping season). Furthermore, the cultivation of annual feedstock crops could be avoided on land rich in carbon, such as peat soils and new agriculture systems could be introduced that lower the demand for ploughing and harrowing. Other options for improving the WTT emission values includes introducing new types of crops, such as wheat with higher content of starch or willow with a higher content of cellulose. From the case study on lignocellulosic ethanol we find that 2G ethanol, with co-production of biogas, electricity, heat and/or wood pellet, has a promising role to play in the development of sustainable biofuel production systems. Depending on available raw materials, heat sinks, demand for biogas as vehicle fuel and existing 1G ethanol plants suitable for integration, 2G ethanol production systems may be designed differently to optimize the economic conditions and maximize profitability. However, the complexity connected to the development of the most optimal production systems require improved knowledge and involvement of several actors from different competence areas, such as chemical and biochemical engineering, process design and integration and energy and environmental systems analysis, which may be a potential barrier. Three important results from the lignocellulosic ethanol study are: (i) the production systems could be far more complex and intelligently designed than previous studies show, (ii) the potential improvements consist of a large number of combinations of process integration options wich partly depends on specific local conditions, (iii) the environmental performance of individual systems may vary significantly due to systems design and local conditons.From the case study on gasification of solid biomass for the production of biomethane we find that one of the main advantages of this technology is its high efficiency in respect to converting biomass into fuels for transport. For future research we see a need for improvements within the gas up-grading section, including gas cleaning and gas conditioning, to obtain a more efficient process. A major challenge is to remove the tar before the methanation reaction. Three important results from the biomethane study are: (i) it is important not to crack the methane already produced in the syngas, which indicates a need for improved catalysts for selective tar cracking, (ii) there is a need for new gas separation techniques to facilitate the use of air oxidation agent instead of oxygen in the gasifier, and (iii) there is a need for testing the integrated process under realistic conditions, both at atmospheric and pressurized conditions. From the case study on black liquor gasification for the production of DME we find that the process has many advantages compared to other biofuel production options, such as the fact that black liquor is already partially processed and exists in a pumpable, liquid form, and that the process is pressurised and tightly integrated with the pulp mill, which enhances fuel production efficiency. However, to achieve commercial status, some challenges still remain, such as demonstrating that materials and plant equipment meet the high availability required when scaling up to industrial size in the pulp mill, and also proving that the plant can operate according to calculated heat and material balances. Three important results from the DME study are: (i) that modern chemical pulp mills, having a potential surplus of energy, could become important suppliers of renewable fuels for transport, (ii) there is a need to demonstrate that renewable DME/methanol will be proven to function in large scale, and (iii) there is still potential for technology improvements and enhanced energy integration. Although quantitative improvement potentials are given in the three biofuel production cases, it is not obvious how these potentials would affect WTT values, since the biofuel production processes are complex and changing one parameter impacts other parameters. The improvement potentials are therefore discussed qualitatively. From the entire study we have come to agree on the following common conclusions: (i) research and development in Sweden within the three studied 2G biofuel production technologies is extensive, (ii) in general, the processes, within the three cases, work well at pilot and demonstration scale and are now in a phase to be proven in large scale, (iii) there is still room for improvement although some processes have been known for decades, (iv) the biofuel production processes are complex and site specific and process improvements need to be seen and judged from a broad systems perspective (both within the production plant as well as in the entire well-to-tank perspective), and (v) the three studied biofuel production systems are complementary technologies. Futher, the process of conducting this study is worth mentioning as a result itself, i.e. that many different actors within the field have proven their ability and willingness to contribute to a common report, and that the cooperation climate was very positive and bodes well for possible future collaboration within the framework of the f3 center. Finally, judging from the political ambitions it is clear that the demand for renewable fuels will significantly increase during the coming decade. This will most likely result in opportunities for a range of biofuel options. The studied biofuel options all represent 2G biofuels and they can all be part of the solution to meet the increased renewable fuel demand.
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| 4. |
- Alvors, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors – three illustrative examples : Improvement potential discussed in the context of Well-to-Tank analyses
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Currently biofuels have strong political support, both in the EU and Sweden. The EU has, for example, set a target for the use of renewable fuels in the transportation sector stating that all EU member states should use 10% renewable fuels for transport by 2020. Fulfilling this ambition will lead to an enormous market for biofuels during the coming decade. To avoid increasing production of biofuels based on agriculture crops that require considerable use of arable area, focus is now to move towards more advanced second generation (2G) biofuels that can be produced from biomass feedstocks associated with a more efficient land use.Climate benefits and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances are aspects often discussed in conjunction with sustainability and biofuels. The total GHG emissions associated with production and usage of biofuels depend on the entire fuel production chain, mainly the agriculture or forestry feedstock systems and the manufacturing process. To compare different biofuel production pathways it is essential to conduct an environmental assessment using the well-to-tank (WTT) analysis methodology.In Sweden the conditions for biomass production are favourable and we have promising second generation biofuels technologies that are currently in the demonstration phase. In this study we have chosen to focus on cellulose based ethanol, methane from gasification of solid wood as well as DME from gasification of black liquor, with the purpose of identifying research and development potentials that may result in improvements in the WTT emission values. The main objective of this study is thus to identify research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors based on literature studies as well as discussions with the the researchers themselves. We have also discussed improvement potentials for the agriculture and forestry part of the WTT chain. The aim of this study is to, in the context of WTT analyses, (i) increase knowledge about the complexity of biofuel production, (ii) identify and discuss improvement potentials, regarding energy efficiency and GHG emissions, for three biofuel production cases, as well as (iii) identify and discuss improvement potentials regarding biomass supply, including agriculture/forestry. The scope of the study is limited to discussing the technologies, system aspects and climate impacts associated with the production stage. Aspects such as the influence on biodiversity and other environmental and social parameters fall beyond the scope of this study.We find that improvement potentials for emissions reductions within the agriculture/forestry part of the WTT chain include changing the use of diesel to low-CO2-emitting fuels, changing to more fuel-efficient tractors, more efficient cultivation and manufacture of fertilizers (commercial nitrogen fertilizer can be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning) as well as improved fertilization strategies (more precise nitrogen application during the cropping season). Furthermore, the cultivation of annual feedstock crops could be avoided on land rich in carbon, such as peat soils and new agriculture systems could be introduced that lower the demand for ploughing and harrowing. Other options for improving the WTT emission values includes introducing new types of crops, such as wheat with higher content of starch or willow with a higher content of cellulose.From the case study on lignocellulosic ethanol we find that 2G ethanol, with co-production of biogas, electricity, heat and/or wood pellet, has a promising role to play in the development of sustainable biofuel production systems. Depending on available raw materials, heat sinks, demand for biogas as vehicle fuel and existing 1G ethanol plants suitable for integration, 2G ethanol production systems may be designed differently to optimize the economic conditions and maximize profitability. However, the complexity connected to the development of the most optimal production systems require improved knowledge and involvement of several actors from different competence areas, such as chemical and biochemical engineering, process design and integration and energy and environmental systems analysis, which may be a potential barrier.Three important results from the lignocellulosic ethanol study are: (i) the production systems could be far more complex and intelligently designed than previous studies show, (ii) the potential improvements consist of a large number of combinations of process integration options wich partly depends on specific local conditions, (iii) the environmental performance of individual systems may vary significantly due to systems design and local conditons.From the case study on gasification of solid biomass for the production of biomethane we find that one of the main advantages of this technology is its high efficiency in respect to converting biomass into fuels for transport. For future research we see a need for improvements within the gas up-grading section, including gas cleaning and gas conditioning, to obtain a more efficient process. A major challenge is to remove the tar before the methanation reaction.Three important results from the biomethane study are: (i) it is important not to crack the methane already produced in the syngas, which indicates a need for improved catalysts for selective tar cracking, (ii) there is a need for new gas separation techniques to facilitate the use of air oxidation agent instead of oxygen in the gasifier, and (iii) there is a need for testing the integrated process under realistic conditions, both at atmospheric and pressurized conditions.From the case study on black liquor gasification for the production of DME we find that the process has many advantages compared to other biofuel production options, such as the fact that black liquor is already partially processed and exists in a pumpable, liquid form, and that the process is pressurised and tightly integrated with the pulp mill, which enhances fuel production efficiency. However, to achieve commercial status, some challenges still remain, such as demonstrating that materials and plant equipment meet the high availability required when scaling up to industrial size in the pulp mill, and also proving that the plant can operate according to calculated heat and material balances. Three important results from the DME study are: (i) that modern chemical pulp mills, having a potential surplus of energy, could become important suppliers of renewable fuels for transport, (ii) there is a need to demonstrate that renewable DME/methanol will be proven to function in large scale, and (iii) there is still potential for technology improvements and enhanced energy integration.Although quantitative improvement potentials are given in the three biofuel production cases, it is not obvious how these potentials would affect WTT values, since the biofuel production processes are complex and changing one parameter impacts other parameters. The improvement potentials are therefore discussed qualitatively. From the entire study we have come to agree on the following common conclusions: (i) research and development in Sweden within the three studied 2G biofuel production technologies is extensive, (ii) in general, the processes, within the three cases, work well at pilot and demonstration scale and are now in a phase to be proven in large scale, (iii) there is still room for improvement although some processes have been known for decades, (iv) the biofuel production processes are complex and site specific and process improvements need to be seen and judged from a broad systems perspective (both within the production plant as well as in the entire well-to-tank perspective), and (v) the three studied biofuel production systems are complementary technologies. Futher, the process of conducting this study is worth mentioning as a result itself, i.e. that many different actors within the field have proven their ability and willingness to contribute to a common report, and that the cooperation climate was very positive and bodes well for possible future collaboration within the framework of the f3 center.Finally, judging from the political ambitions it is clear that the demand for renewable fuels will significantly increase during the coming decade. This will most likely result in opportunities for a range of biofuel options. The studied biofuel options all represent 2G biofuels and they can all be part of the solution to meet the increased renewable fuel demand.
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| 5. |
- Arnell, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
-
Energi och miljöintegrering genom utnyttjande av lågvärdigt värme från kraftvärmeverk och fjärrvärmeanläggningar för effektivisering av avloppsvattenrening
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kväve i utgående vatten från avloppsreningsverk ger upphov till övergödning av många havsområden och sjöar med syrebrist och döda bottnar som följd. EU:s direktiv för avloppsvatten ställer högre krav på rening av kväve vid Svenska avloppsvattenrening. Att höja temperaturen på avloppsvattnet under de kalla perioderna kan vara en kostnadseffektiv lösning på kvävereningen. Värmeavtappning från fjärrvärmenätet till reningsverken leder till lägre temperaturer på returvattnet och detta medför att tillvaratagandet av energi kan optimeras. En lägre returtemperatur ger bättre förutsättningar för rökgaskondensering och därmed en förbättrad rening av de utgående rökgaserna. De praktiska möjligheterna att generera el i kraftvärmeanläggningar begränsas av fjärrvärmereturens temperatur. Det innebär att fjärrvärmeproducenterna får avsättning för lågvärdig värme och kan optimera sin elproduktion. För reningsverken innebär det miljömässiga och ekonomiska vinster genom att de får en effektivare och stabilare reningsprocess och kan uppfylla de hårdare kraven på kvävereningen. I en pilotstudie under verkliga förutsättningar har man inom projektet utrett den verkliga vinsten och studerat de problematiska stegen i den tekniska lösningen.
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| 6. |
- Arnell, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
-
Förutsättningar för ökad nytta av restvärme
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Restvärme från industrin står idag för nära 5 TWh levererad värme till fjärrvärmenäten i Sverige. Efter att interna effektiviseringar av den industriella processen har genomförts finns dock ytterligare potential för tillvaratagande av restvärme från svensk industri. Ett ökat nyttiggörande av industriell restvärme är därför önskvärt för såväl energibranschen, industrin och samhället; både för att optimera resursanvändandet i hela samhället, samt att minska miljöpåverkan. Projektet syftar till att redogöra för olika tekniska lösningar som finns för att tillvarata restvärme från industriella processer för utnyttjande för i första hand fjärrvärme. Genom att i denna studie belysa möjliga tekniska lösningar, dels generellt och dels genom faktiska samarbeten i form av tre fallstudier, ges en ökad kunskap och visar på möjligheten till ytterligare leveranser av restvärme från industriella processer. Flera studier har genomförts inom området och denna rapports mervärde ligger dels i att samla den tekniska kompetens och erfarenhet som finns kring nyttjande av restvärme, dels göra kvantitativa analyser samt kompletterande intervjuer. För att utreda vilka så kallade mjuka faktorer som är betydelsefulla vid denna typ av avtal och samarbeten har även en intervjustudie genomförts. Leverantörer av restvärme samt energibolagen har fått komma till tals och ge sina erfarenheter i frågan. Ett antal reella fall har analyserats för att besvara frågeställningar kring affärsmässiga lösningar och tekniska möjligheter kring restvärmeleveranser till fjärrvärmenätet. De tre fallstudierna är ett fall som täcker Stenungsundsklustret, Kungälv och Göteborg ner till Värö (dvs. ingående systemen i ett möjligt framtida regionalt fjärrvärmesystem på västkusten), Oskarshamns fjärrvärmesystem samt Oxelösunds fjärrvärmesystem. Olika frågeställningar för respektive fall har ställts upp för att ge en bred bild över hur leveranser av restvärme fungerar och vilka effekter det för med sig.
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| 7. |
- Arnell, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact from policy instruments on use of industrial excess heat
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing resource efficiency and reducing carbon emissions in manufacturing industry are prioritised objectives in both international and domestic policies. At the same time, Swedish industry is struggling to remain competitive in international markets. There is at the same time increasing internal competition for bio-based resources among sectors. Currently there are a number of taxes, restrictions and other policy instruments targeted with the goals to increase the use of renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency. Excess heat from industry accounts for almost 5 TWh of the delivered heat to district heating in Sweden today but there is a potential for further recovery of excess heat. An increased utilization of industrial excess heat is desirable in terms both of improved energy efficiency and resource efficiency. This project describes the impact from existing policy instrument on one important solution to improve the energy- and resource efficiency of the energy system: the use of industrial excess or residual heat for district heating networks. There are several policy instruments with an impact but only a few that gives benefits for the use of industrial excess heat. The Regulated Access to the district heat implemented in the Swedish policy for district heating, put up guidance regarding under which conditions an industry can demand access, and point out that the cost should be taken by the industry part. The Energy Efficient Directive governs that a complete cost benefit analysis including existing industrial excess heat must be examined when planning a new process or plant. And the market-based support system for renewable electricity production, the electricity certificates. In the case of chemical industries in Stenungsund excess heat could be delivered to the district heating networks in Kungälv and/or Gothenburg. An optimisation in a regional cost minimising model of the energy system in Västra Götaland of Sweden shows the possibilities to deliver heat. In this report the consequence on the used amount of excess heat from electricity certificates are presented. The studied energy system of Västra Götaland will use more excess heat for district heating when there is no or low price on the certificates. This report is only available in English.
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| 8. |
- Arnell, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
-
Konsekvenser för energisektorn av klimatförändringar - En översiktlig kunskapssammanställning
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport är framtagen inom ramen för projektet Konsekvenserför energisektorn av klimatförändringarna och presenterar översiktligt kunskapsläget om hur klimatförändringarna kan påverka energisektorn samt identifierar kunskaps- och forskningsbehov. Rapporterns resultat bygger på en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med företrädare för energibranschen.
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| 9. |
- Arnell, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
-
Miljöklassningssystem för fjärrvärmeuppvärmda byggnader
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Idag efterfrågas i allt större utsträckning certifiering och miljömärkning av såväl varor och tjänster som byggnader. En certifiering eller klassning av en byggnad innebär att ett antal uppställda mål för miljöprestanda måste uppfyllas1. De finns idag ett flertal olika miljöklassningssystem på marknaden. Gemensamt är att användandet av miljöklassningssystem har sin utgångspunkt i att bidra till förbättringar inom byggsektorns arbete kring miljöfrågor, exempelvis effektivare energianvändning, minskad miljöpåverkan och bättre innemiljö. En miljöklassning av en byggnad är en bedömning av hur miljömässigt hållbar en byggnad är där genomförd klassning skall vara tredjepartsgranskad. Genom att använda ett certifieringssystem för att utvärdera en befintlig eller projekterad byggnads miljömässiga hållbarhet kan en byggnad erhålla ett certifikat. Förutom lägre energikostnader, bättre innemiljö med mera är certifieringen också ett led i kommunikation och marknadsföring. Många multinationella företag har exempelvis som norm att använda en viss typ av miljöklassning för alla sina byggnader. Det finns ett flertal nationella miljöklassningssystem, exempelvis Miljöbyggnad, GreenBuilding och Svanen. Amerikanska systemet LEED och det brittiska systemet BREEAM används också i Sverige och nationella anpassningar håller på att tas fram. För BEEAM har en svensk anpassning föreslagits som skickats på remiss under våren 2013, det är detta förslag som beräkningarna i denna studie grundar sig på. I LEED finns en viss anpassning till de svenska förhållandena vad gäller fjärrvärme och fjärrkyla. Detta projekt har analyserat hur olika uppvärmningssystem påverkar slutresultaten enligt några miljöklassnings- och certifieringssystem. I denna studie har tre olika fjärrvärme- och fjärrkylanät samt värmepump och kylmaskin studerats. Ett kontor respektive ett flerbostadshus har använts som typhus för beräkningarna. Resultaten har också satts i ett större sammanhang där resurseffektivitet och miljöbelastning diskuteras.
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| 10. |
- Grennfelt, Peringe, et al.
(författare)
-
Saltsjöbaden 3"
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Air quality is a common issue of large concern all over the world. Threats to health and ecosystems have initiated policy measures ranging in scale from local to international.Though significant steps have been taken in many countries, the problems are not solved and are also increasing in many areas.
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