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- Bäckman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition : current status and future prospects.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0149-7634. ; 30:6, s. 791-807
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The brain neuronal systems defined by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) have since long a recognized role in the regulation of motor functions. More recently, converging evidence from patient studies, animal research, pharmacological intervention, and molecular genetics indicates that DA is critically implicated also in higher-order cognitive functioning. Many cognitive functions and multiple markers of striatal and extrastriatal DA systems decline across adulthood and aging. Research examining the correlative triad among adult age, DA, and cognition has found strong support for the view that age-related DA losses are associated with age-related cognitive deficits. Future research strategies for examining the DA-cognitive aging link include assessing (a) the generality/specificity of the effects; (b) the relationship between neuromodulation and functional brain activation; and (c) the release of DA during actual task performance.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Arvidsson, Eva, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Vägen framåt
- 2013
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Ingår i: Att välja rättvist. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. ; , s. 207-214
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Som vi visat har utvecklingen av metoder och strukturer för öppna prioriteringar i Sverige kommit långt. Många frågor återstår likväl. Under vårt arbete med denna bok har vi identifierat ett antal förbättringsområden och utmaningar som vi avslutningsvis vill lyfta fram. Det rör sig om vilka som ska delta i prioriteringarna, tydliggörande av värdegrunden, behov av bättre kunskap, baserad på både vetenskaplig metod och erfarenhet, och fortsatt utveckling av prioriteringsprocesser på olika nivåer och i olika sammanhang. Även om vi i Sverige skulle nå en god enighet kring principer och kriterier för prioriteringar så kommer vi alltid finna många olika sätt att praktiskt lösa specifika prioriteringsproblem.
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| 5. |
- Fischer, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Brain activation while forming memories of fearful and neutral faces in women and men
- 2007
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 7:4, s. 767-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Event-related functional MRI (fMRI) was used to assess brain activity during encoding of fearful and neutral faces in 12 women and 12 men. In a subsequent memory analysis, the authors separated successful from unsuccessful encoding of both types of faces, based on whether they were remembered or forgotten in a later recognition memory test. Overall, women and men recruited overlapping neural circuitries. Both sexes activated right-sided medial-temporal regions during successful encoding of fearful faces. Successful encoding of neutral faces was associated with left-sided lateral prefrontal and right-sided superior frontal activation in both sexes. In women, relatively greater encoding related activity for neutral faces was seen in the superior parietal and parahippocampal cortices. By contrast, men activated the left and right superior/middle frontal cortex more than women during successful encoding of the same neutral faces. These findings suggest that women and men use similar neural networks to encode facial information, with only subtle sex differences observed for neutral faces.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Jones, Sari, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive and neural plasticity in aging : general and task-specific limitations.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0149-7634. ; 30:6, s. 864-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is evidence for cognitive as well as neural plasticity across the adult life span, although aging is associated with certain constraints on plasticity. In the current paper, we argue that the age-related reduction in cognitive plasticity may be due to (a) deficits in general processing resources, and (b) failure to engage in task-relevant cognitive operations. Memory-training research suggests that age-related processing deficits (e.g., executive functions, speed) hinder older adults from utilizing mnemonic techniques as efficiently as the young, and that this age difference is reflected by diminished frontal activity during mnemonic use. Additional constraints on memory plasticity in old age are related to difficulties that are specific to the task, such as creating visual images, as well as in binding together the information to be remembered. These deficiencies are paralleled by reduced activity in occipito-parietal and medial-temporal regions, respectively. Future attempts to optimize intervention-related gains in old age should consider targeting both general processing and task-specific origins of age-associated reductions in cognitive plasticity.
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| 8. |
- MacDonald, Stuart W S, et al.
(författare)
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Intra-individual variability in behavior : links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Trends in Neurosciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-2236. ; 29:8, s. 474-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intra-individual variability reflects a transient, within-person change in behavioral performance. It is a common component of aging-related cognitive decline and the behavioral changes associated with neurodegenerative and other brain-related disorders such as traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia. Behavioral changes within an individual can reflect alterations at a systems or a cellular level in the brain, and monitoring intra-individual variability can therefore provide a warning of underlying pathology. Despite frequent reports of intra-individual variability, there is little synthesis, and no direct examination of the neural underpinnings. Here, we integrate seminal findings from cognitive research across lifespans of individuals, and also neuropsychological and neurobiological findings, to identify key questions and some potential answers, and to set challenges for fostering future research into intra-individual variability.
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| 10. |
- Nyberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive aging : A view from brain imaging
- 2004
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Ingår i: New frontiers in cognitive aging. - : Oxford University Press, Oxford. - 0 19 852569 9 ; , s. 135-159
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The contributions in this volume, and numerous other journal articles and chapters, provide unequivocal evidence that cognitive functions decline across the adult lifespan Importantly, though, some cognitive functions are more affected than others For example, in recent work from the Betula project (Nilsson eta!, 1997), we contrasted episodic and semantic long term memory (Nyberg eta!, 2003) It was found that episodic memory performance deteriorated gradually from middle age through young-old age to old-old age By contrast, semantic memory performance increased from middle-age to young-old age, and the old-old participants performed at a level comparable to the middle aged (Figure 7 la) Furthermore, within the domam of episodic memory, increasing age was associated with a greater reduction of pei form ance on measures of recall compared to measures of recognition (Figure 7 ib) These results provide evidence that episodic long-term memory is more age-sensitive than semantic long-term memory, and that recall is more age-sensitive than recognition. These age-related long-term memory changes can be related to patterns of data in working-memory tasks (Gick, Crajic, and Morris, 1988) Working-memory tasks differ with regard to their demand on executive processing and it has been found that age differences are small when the executive demands are low, and substantial wlten such demands are high (see Morris, Gick and Craik, 1988). Many cognitive tasks require working memory functions to a smaller or greater extent, and it has been shown that working memory capacity accounts for a considerable portion of the variance in long-term memory tasks (Hultsch, I-Iertzog, and Dixon, 1990; Park eta!., 1996). Relatedly, the relationship between age and episodic memory has been found to be mediated by proficiency of executive functioning (Troyer, Graves, and Cullum, 1994).
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