| 1. |
- Aksel Jacobsen, Freja, et al.
(författare)
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A Role for the Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Abl2/Arg in Experimental Neuroinflammation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. - New York, NY : Springer-Verlag New York. - 1557-1890 .- 1557-1904. ; 13:2, s. 265-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple sclerosis is a neuroinflammatory degenerative disease, caused by activated immune cells infiltrating the CNS. The disease etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. The mouse genetic locus, Eae27, linked to disease development in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis, was studied in order to identify contributing disease susceptibility factors and potential drug targets for multiple sclerosis. Studies of an Eae27 congenic mouse strain, revealed that genetic variation within Eae27 influences EAE development. The Abl2 gene, encoding the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Arg, is located in the 4,1 megabase pair long Eae27 region. The Arg protein plays an important role in cellular regulation and is, in addition, involved in signaling through the B- and T-cell receptors, important for the autoimmune response. The presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism causing an amino acid change in a near actin-interacting domain of Arg, in addition to altered lymphocyte activation in the congenic mice upon immunization with myelin antigen, makes Abl2/Arg a candidate gene for EAE. Here we demonstrate that the non-synonymous SNP does not change Arg’s binding affinity for F-actin but suggest a role for Abl kinases in CNS inflammation pathogenesis by showing that pharmacological inhibition of Abl kinases ameliorates EAE, but not experimental arthritis. © 2018 The Author(s)
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| 2. |
- Bäckström, Åsa, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowing As "Känsla" : Accounting For Knowing As An Outcome Of Sensory Emplaced Learning
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within education studies there have been calls for systematic attention to how learning is situated, to the notion of context and to experiential elements of learning. In recent decades theories of situated learning and cognitive learning theories have existed in a critical relationship to each other and by the twenty first century a major debate raged between the two positions (Sfard, 1998; Säljö, 2003, Hodkinson et al 2008). At a more sophisticated level situated learning theory offers an alternative to cognitive learning theories that draw on the root metaphor of acquisition. Instead it understands thinking as embedded in social and material practices and conceptualises learning through the metaphor of participation (Lave & Wenger, 1991).In this context there is an on-going search for new ways to understand the situatedness of learning as well as its experiential qualities. In our recent work we have addressed this need by developing a framework that builds on Lave and Wenger’s ideas of situatedness and Hodkinssons’et. al (2008) call for moving on from the recent debate between cognitive and sociocultural theorists informed by theories of place, perception and the senses. Theories of place, perception and knowledge in human geography and anthropology, offer an ideal route through which to respond to this call. They offer accounts of place that acknowledge the relationship between spatial and temporal process (Massey 2005), and the embodied nature of learning, while advancing the agenda further to suggest that the senses and the environment are central to how we learn (e.g. Ingold 2000, Pink 2009).We call this framework sensory emplaced learning (Fors, Bäckström & Pink, 2013), through which we conceptualize how learning is situated in the dynamics between body– senses – material environments.In this paper we draw from our respective ethnographic research projects on social and cultural informal learning among young people in two very different, albeit Swedish, contexts. Through our field work with people on the one hand publishing and talking about images and texts on a particular website and on the other hand practicing skateboarding, we have come to question the idea of knowledge as acquisition. This mainly cognitive metaphor for learning and knowing applies poorly to the practices of learning and knowing that we have studied. Instead, we argue for a theoretical development around the Swedish term “känsla”, (pronounced shensla). This Swedish word encompasses feeling, sensation, affect, emotion and style and derives from the verb känna – to feel, to sense. Etymologically the word is closely related to one of the Swedish words for knowledge – “kännedom” (Wessén, 1982). Hence, the main objective of this paper is to develop the theoretical thinking that revolve around the Swedish conceptualisation of “känsla” which, we argue, could provide useful for analysing how we know, handle and make meaning of everyday life in and through our sensorial bodies emplaced in material contexts.Methodology, Methods, Research Instruments or Sources Used The empirical material analysed in this paper emanates from two different sets of data that was produced in two different research projects with a similar methodological ethnographic approach; sensory ethnography (as developed by Pink 2009/2012). A sensory ethnography approach has the advantage of focusing the experiences of lived space, i.e. the crossroads between people’s bodies, their minds and place. In other words, it may be used to describe and analyse what we have previously labelled sensory emplacement (Fors, Bäckström & Pink, 2013; Pink, 2011). The first research project focused on informal learning processes in women skateboarding contexts mainly including unregulated skateboarding, but also contests, skate camps and a skate tour at indoor and outdoor skateparks. Addressing didactic issues of verbal and non verbal expressions of teaching and learning a sensory ethnography approach made bodily un/knowing apparent. The kinesthetic experience of explosiveness, defined as enforcement and transformation of energy, was remembered and also implicitly imagined as part of movement (Bäckström, 2014). For the purpose of this paper data from the first project predominately consist of written field notes, photographs, as well as interview and video transcripts. During the second project, we spent time with the research participants sharing the same computer screen when they used the Internet to gain an appreciation of how they embed these technologies in the routines and habits of their everyday life (Fors, 2013). We were specifically inspired by the notion of how visual experience is part of the multisensory process of moving through the digital, paying attention to “the ways the body is engaged in imagining and remembering” the localities and persons that Internet content represent and there by “move beyond the notion of ‘looking at’ images on a screen” (Pink, 2012:122). The data produced for the analysis presented in this paper consist of interview transcripts, photographs and entries/comments from the photo diaries, and video-recorded interviews during the sessions when the participants guided us through their use of these digital diaries.Conclusions, Expected Outcomes or Findings Our analysis made clear that it is possible to deepen our understanding of how learning becomes situated in human practice through identifying alternative and multisensory categories of routes to knowing. In this research, the research participants described their learning experiences through qualities deeply embedded in embodied and emplaced practices. Through a sensory ethnographic approach we identified one specific quality that highlights both embodied and emplaced aspects of learning and may be used to move further sensory emplaced implications on theories of situated learning. We call this quality “känsla”. As mentioned above, this Swedish word includes multiple meanings where feeling, sensation, affect, emotion and style are the most important. Moreover, our analysis shows that “känsla” is a concept that is constituted of multiple aspects of knowing. It engages the senses, it unfolds in the interface between body and the material environment, it engages the body through affect, and it is situated within, and thereby characterized by, distinct social and cultural settings. It is also a concept that becomes evident in both material and digital contexts, and both embodied, emplaced and virtual practices.References Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge. Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Marchand, Trevor. 2007. “Crafting Knowledge: The Role of ‘Parsing and Production of Skill-Based Knowledge among Masons.” In: M. Harris (ed.), Ways of Knowing: New Approaches in the Anthropology of Knowledge and Learning. New York: Berghahn Books. Pink, Sarah. 2009. Doing Sensory Ethnography. London: Sage.Intent of Publication This is an original paper which will be submitted to the Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research.
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| 3. |
- Fors, Vaike, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Multisensory Emplaced Learning : Resituating situated learning in a moving world
- 2013
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Ingår i: Mind, culture and activity. - Philadelphia, PA : Routledge. - 1074-9039 .- 1532-7884. ; 20:2, s. 170-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article outlines the implications of a theory of "sensory- emplaced learning" for understanding the interrelationships between the embodied and environmental in learning processes. Understanding learning as multisensory and contingent within everyday place-events, this framework analytically describes how people establish themselves as "situated learners." This approach is demonstrated through three examples of how culturally constructed sensory categories offer routes to knowing about the multisensoriality of learning experiences. This approach, we suggest, offers new routes within practice-oriented educational theories for understanding how human bodies become situated and embedded in cultural, social, and material practices within constantly shifting place-events. © 2013 Regents of the University of California on behalf of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition.
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| 4. |
- Fors, Vaike, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Sensational learning : How sensory experiences give form to places for learning
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last decade academic interest in the senses has increased, indicating what David Howes refers to as a ‘sensual revolution’, a corrective to previous approaches that treat culture as readable text. Following this body of literature, this panel considers the idea of ‘places for learning’ from a perspective that acknowledges the mutlisensoriality of experience. This encompasses not only the directly and more obvious everyday sensoriality of tastes, smells and looks but also, the representations of the senses that saturate magazines, TV and the internet in our highly mediated C21 everyday lives. Studying the multi-sensory and aesthetic dimensions of peoples' learning practices, implies analyzing their actions in terms of experiences of perception – in ways that go beyond a conventional focus on visual perception. Recent ethnographic studies show the importance of sound, smell, taste and touch in how people experience, learn, construct their identities and remember. In this panel we develop these discussions further by exploring how the senses become implicated in contexts where people are engaged in processes of learning. Thus seeking to understand how sensory practices are both implicated in and created in relation to places for learning. In these three presentations we explore the relationship between personal multi-sensorial experiences of looking, tasting and hearing respectively and the collective practices that people engage in when visiting museums, eating and skating.
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| 5. |
- Fors, Vaike, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Visuella metoder
- 2015. - 1:1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med den här boken är att bidra till en ökad användning och utveckling av det visuella i samhällsvetenskapligt forskningsarbete på alla nivåer. Vi har många års erfarenhet av handledning av samhällsvetenskapliga studentarbeten på både grundnivå och avancerad nivå, och vi har kunnat konstatera att visuella metoder inte alls utnyttjas i den utsträckning som skulle kunna vara möjlig. Det märks om inte annat när vi söker i nationella databaser på examensarbeten, kandidatuppsatser och masteruppsatser inom samhällsvetenskapliga områden. Det är ett försvinnande litet antal som anger att de använt sig av visuella metoder. En anledning kan vara att svenska böcker om visuella metoder som vänder sig till en bred publik inom samhällsvetenskaplig kvalitativ forskning är lätt räknade. Det kan också vara så att dessa metoder – om de över huvud taget uppmärksammas i undervisningen och i kurslitteraturen – inte ges samma tyngd som de mer konventionella, som intervjuer, observationer och enkäter. Vi hoppas att denna bok kan medverka till en förändring. Som vi har försökt visa med alla de exempel på forskning som vi presenterar i boken så används visuella metoder ganska flitigt på forskarnivå, och därigenom sker även en hel del experimenterande och utveckling. Och med tanke på den teknologiska och teoretiska utvecklingen i relation till visuella metoder som vi ser framför oss, och som vi också beskriver i boken, så är det ett spännande och dynamiskt fält väl värt att pröva. Kort sagt, med hjälp av visuellt material går det att hitta nya kreativa vägar för att studera och analysera det som samhällsvetenskaplig forskning intresserar sig för. Vi poängterar på flera ställen i den här boken att vår samtid kännetecknas av både ett ökat flöde av bilder (såväl som text) och en snabbare förändringstakt. Vi lever ”flytande liv i en flytande tid”, menar till exempel Zygmunt Bauman (2005). I denna rörliga omvärld med dess ständigt pågående förändringar kan det tyckas svårt att fånga något beskrivbart, och kanske framför allt att hävda någon betydelse som åtminstone delvis är beständig. Därför har vi skrivit fram vad vi menar är av största vikt för att hålla god kvalitet på sin forskning, nämligen att kontextualisera den. Med det menar vi att det är centralt att se till var det empiriska materialet kommer ifrån och hur det har konstruerats. Vi har också poängterat betydelsen av den vetenskapsteoretiska bakgrunden. Detta eftersom den fältforskande ingång som vi står för inte med lätthet kan separera teori och metod. I bokens andra del har vi koncentrerat oss på att ge handfasta förslag på och råd om utformandet av forskningsdesign och genomförandet av själva det empiriska arbetet med visuella metoder. Vår målsättning är att de många exemplen från både svensk och internationell forskning ska inspirera dig som läsare och öka lusten för användning av det visuella i forskningens alla olika faser. Vi avslutar med en framåtblick i bokens sista kapitel: vilka utmaningar står visuella metoder för i dag, och vart kan dessa utmaningar leda oss? Vi har inte försökt göra en metodbok som täcker hela det breda fält som skulle kunna betecknas visuella metoder. Av skäl som framgår i den första delen i boken har vi valt att lägga tyngdpunkten på visuella metoder så som de kan användas i deltagande, fältforskande och etnografiska ansatser. En forskare som återkommer i referenserna och som vi även vill rikta ett personligt tack till är professor Sarah Pink. År 2001 publicerades den första utgåvan av hennes bok Doing visual ethnography. Sedan dess har den kommit ut i flera reviderade upplagor. Genom forskarsamarbeten med professor Pink har vi blivit inspirerade att utforska visuell etnografi och liknande ansatser i vår egen forskning och i skrivandet av den här boken. Det är också på den vägen vi har närmat oss ”sensory ethnograhy” (Pink 2009) eller, som vi skulle vilja kalla det på svenska, tvärsinnlig etnografi. Vi vill också rikta ett särskilt tack till NNDV, Nordic Network for Digital Visuality, för inspirerande arbetsseminarier och konferenser som vi deltagit i de senaste åren, och för ett ekonomiskt stöd som gjorde att vi kunde avsätta ett par dagar till att göra det första utkastet till boken. Ett personligt tack vill vi rikta till projektledaren för detta nätverk, professor Karin Becker, som tagit sig tid att läsa och diskutera våra olika förslag på upplägg och innehåll. Dessa kommentarer och förslag har varit ovärderliga i utformandet av boken. Eventuella felaktigheter i boken ska dock tillskrivas oss själva.
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| 6. |
- Jacobsen, Freja A., et al.
(författare)
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Arg Deficiency Does not Influence the Course of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology. - Los Angeles : OMICS. - 2155-9899. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Inhibition of Abl kinases has an ameliorating effect on the rodent model for multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and arrests lymphocyte activation. The family of Abl kinases consists of the Abl1/Abl and Abl2/Arg tyrosine kinases. While the Abl kinase has been extensively studied in immune activation, roles for Arg are incompletely characterized. To investigate the role for Arg in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we studied disease development in Arg-/- mice.Methods: Arg-/- and Arg+/+ mice were generated from breeding of Arg+/- mice on the C57BL/6 background. Mice were immunized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide and disease development recorded. Lymphocyte phenotypes of wild type Arg+/+ and Arg-/- mice were studied by in vitro stimulation assays and flow cytometry.Results: The breeding of Arg+/+ and Arg-/- mice showed skewing in the frequency of born Arg-/- mice. Loss of Arg function did not affect development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but reduced the number of splenic B-cells in Arg-/- mice following immunization with MOG peptide.Conclusions: Development of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is not dependent on Arg, but Arg plays a role for the number of B cells in immunized mice. This might suggest a novel role for the Arg kinase in B-cell trafficking or regulation. Furthermore, the results suggest that Arg is important for normal embryonic development. © 2016 Jacobsen FA, et al.
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