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- Bandmann, Nina, 1971-
(author)
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Rational and combinatorial genetic engineering approaches for improved recombinant protein production and purification
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) is in many situations an ideal host for production of recombinant proteins, since it generally provides a rapid and economical means to achieve sufficiently high product quantities. However, there are several factors that may limit this host’s ability to produce large amounts of heterologous proteins in a soluble and native form. For many applications a high purity of the recombinant protein is demanded, which implies a purification strategy where the product efficiently can be isolated from the complex milieu of host cell contaminants. In this thesis, different strategies based on both rational and combinatorial genetic engineering principles have been investigated, aiming at improving and facilitating recombinant E. coli protein production and purification. One objective was to improve the PEG/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) purification process of the lipase cutinase, by increasing the selectivity of the protein for the system top-phase. Peptide tags, with varying properties, were designed and genetically fused to the C-terminal end of ZZ-cutinase. Greatly increased partitioning values were observed for purified protein variants fused to tryptophan containing peptide tags, particularly a (WP)4 peptide. The partitioning properties of the ZZ-cutinase-(WP)4 protein were also retained when added to the ATPS directly from an E. coli total cell disintegrate, emphasizing the applicability of this genetic engineering strategy for primary protein purification in ATPSs. Further on, a combinatorial library approach using phage display technology was investigated as a tool for identification of peptide tags capable of improving partitioning properties of ZZ-cutinase in an ATPS. Repeated ATPS-based partitioning-selection cycles of a large phagemid (pVIII) peptide library, resulted in isolation of phage particles preferentially decorated with peptides rich in tyrosine and proline residues. Both a peptide corresponding to a phage library derived peptide sequence as well as peptides designed based on information of amino acid appearance frequencies in later selection rounds, were shown to improve partitioning several-fold when genetically fused to the C-terminal end of ZZ-cutinase. From the two- to four–fold increased production yields observed for these fusion proteins compared to ZZ-cutinase-(WP)4, it was concluded that the selection system used allowed for selection of desired peptide properties related to both partitioning and E. coli protein production parameters. Bacterial protein production is affected by several different mRNA and protein sequence-related features. Attempts to address single parameters in this respect are difficult due to the inter-dependence of many features, for example between codon optimization and mRNA secondary structure effects. Two combinatorial expression vector libraries (ExLib1 and ExLib2) were constructed using a randomization strategy that potentially could lead to variations in many of these sequence-related features and which would allow a pragmatic search of vector variants showing positive net effects on the level of soluble protein production. ExLib1 was constructed to encode all possible synonymous codons of an eight amino acid N-terminal extension of protein Z, fused to the N-terminal of an enhanced green fluorescent reporter protein (EGFP). In ExLib2, the same eight positions were randomized using an (NNG/T) degeneracy code, which could lead to various effects on both the nucleotide and protein level, through the introduction of nucleotide sequences functional as e.g. alternative ribosome binding or translation initiation sites or as translated codons for an Nterminal extension of the target protein by a peptide sequence. Flow cytometric analyses and sorting of library cell cultures resulted in isolation of clones displaying several-fold increases in whole cell fluorescence compared to a reference clone. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses verified that this was a result of increases (up to 24-fold) in soluble intracellular ZEGFP product protein content. Both position specific codon bias effects and the appearance of new ribosomal binding sites in the library sequences were concluded to have influenced the protein production. To explore the possibility of applying the same combinatorial library strategy for improving soluble intracellular production of heterologous proteins proven difficult to express in E. coli, three proteins with either bacterial (a transcriptional regulator (DntR)) or human (progesterone receptor ligand binding domain (PRLBD) and 11-β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11-β)) origin, were cloned into the ExLib2 library. Flow cytometric sorting of libraries resulted in isolation of DntR library clones showing increased soluble protein production levels and PR-LBD library clones with up to ten-fold increases in whole cell fluorescence, although the product under these conditions co-separated with the insoluble cell material.
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| 2. |
- Hammarström, Martin, 1973-
(author)
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Protein production and purification in structural genomics
- 2006
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The number of gene products available for structural and functional study is increasing at an unprecedented rate as a result of the successful whole genome sequencing projects. Systematic structure determination of proteins on a genomic scale, called structural genomics, can significantly contribute to the field of protein science and to functional annotation of newly identified genes. This thesis covers different aspects of protein production in Eschericiha coli for structural studies in the context of structural genomics. Protocols have been downscaled and standardized to allow for a rapid assessment of the production characteristics for multiple proteins in parallel under a number of different conditions. Foremost, the ability of different proteins and peptide tags to affect the solubility of the recombinant protein when produced as fusion proteins has been systematically studied. Large differences in the success-rate for production of soluble protein in E. coli were found depending on the fusion partner used, with a more than two-fold increase in the number of proteins produced as soluble when comparing the best and the poorest fusion tags. For different constructs with a histidine tag, commonly used to facilitate protein purification, large differences in yield depending on the design of the expression vector were found. When comparing different fusion proteins produced from identical expression vectors, fusions to the GB1 domain were found to result in the highest yield of purified target protein, on average 25 % higher than any of the other fusions. The suitability for further structural studies was tested at an intermediate scale for proteins that were identified as soluble in the expression screening. For this purpose, protocols for rapid purification and biophysical characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy were developed and tested on 19 proteins, of which four were structured.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- van den Berg, Susanne, et al.
(author)
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Improved solubility of TEV protease by directed evolution.
- 2006
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In: Journal of biotechnology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1656 .- 1873-4863. ; 121:3, s. 291-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The efficiency and high specificity of tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease has made it widely used for cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins. However, the production of TEV protease in E. coli is hampered by low solubility. We have subjected the gene encoding TEV protease to directed evolution to improve the yield of soluble protein. Libraries of mutated genes obtained by error-prone PCR and gene shuffling were introduced into the Gateway cloning system for facilitated transfer between vectors for screening, purification, or other applications. Fluorescence based in vivo solubility screening was carried out by cloning the libraries into a plasmid encoding a C-terminal GFP fusion. Mutant genes giving rise to high GFP fluorescence intensity indicating high levels of soluble TEV-GFP were subsequently transferred to a vector providing a C-terminal histidine tag for expression, purification, and activity tests of mutated TEV. We identified a mutant, TEV(SH), in which three amino acid substitutions result in a five-fold increase in the yield of purified protease with retained activity.
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| 5. |
- Wahlberg, Elisabet, et al.
(author)
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An affibody in complex with a target protein: Structure and coupled folding.
- 2003
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 100:6, s. 3185-3190
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Combinatorial protein engineering provides powerful means for functional selection of novel binding proteins. One class of engineered binding proteins, denoted affibodies, is based on the three-helix scaffold of the Z domain derived from staphylococcal protein A. The Z(SPA-1) affibody has been selected from a phage-displayed library as a binder to protein A. Z(SPA-1) also binds with micromolar affinity to its own ancestor, the Z domain. We have characterized the Z(SPA-1) affibody in its uncomplexed state and determined the solution structure of a Z:Z(SPA-1) protein-protein complex. Uncomplexed Z(SPA-1) behaves as an aggregation-prone molten globule, but folding occurs on binding, and the original (Z) three-helix bundle scaffold is fully formed in the complex. The structural basis for selection and strong binding is a large interaction interface with tight steric and polar/nonpolar complementarity that directly involves 10 of 13 mutated amino acid residues on Z(SPA-1). We also note similarities in how the surface of the Z domain responds by induced fit to binding of Z(SPA-1) and Ig Fc, respectively, suggesting that the Z(SPA-1) affibody is capable of mimicking the morphology of the natural binding partner for the Z domain.
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